Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/512

* KETONES. 464 KETTLEDRUM. CH(OH).CHj, yields CH,.CO.CH, (acetone). One of the general methods employed for the prep- aration of ketones consists in heating the cal- cium or barium salts of organic acids. Thus ace- tone may be prepared by distilling calcium or l.arium acetate. (See Acetone.) From the higher fatty acids ketones may be obtained di- rectly by iieating the acids with phosphoric an- hydride. Thus heptylic acid may be directly de- composed, according to the following equation: 2C.H„C00H = C.H„.CO.C,H,,+ C0, + H,0 Heptylic acid Di-liexyl-lsetone Like the aldehydes, ketones are capable of com- bining with acid sodium sulphite, with hydro- cyanic acid, etc., and precisely as in the case of aldehydes, two chlorine atoms may be readily substituted for the oxygen of the carbonyl group, by the action of phosphorus pentachloride. Thus acetone may be transformed into di-chloro-pro- pane, according to the following reaction: CH,.CO.CH, +PC1. = CH^.CCU.CH, + poa. Acetone Di-<:hloro-propane The most important difTerence between the alde- hydes and the ketones consists in the fact that while the former are readily oxidized to acids whose molecules contain the same number of car- bon atoms as the aldehydes, the molecule of a ke- tone is split up, on oxidation, so that compounds of simpler structure, that is, containing a smaller number of carbon atoms, are obtained. Thus ace- tone (3 carbon atoms) breaks up into acetic acid (2 carbon atoms) and carbon dioxide (1 carbon atom), according to the following equation: CH^.CO.CH, + 40 = CHj.CO.OH + CO, + H,0 Acetone Acetic acid Carbon dioxide If at least one of the hydrocarbon radicles com- posing the molecule of a ketone belongs to the benzene series, the ketone is called an aromatic ketone. Thus benzophenone, C,HvCX).C«H3, which may be obtained by heating the calcium salt of benzoic acid, is an aromatic ketone. The physical and many of the chemical properties peculiar to a given ketone depend, of course, not only on the characteristic carbonyl group (CO), but also on the nature of the radicles to which that group is attached. KETTELEB, kft'te-lPr, Clemens Arcrsr, Baron von ( IS.'j.S-lOOO) . A German diplomat, born at Potsdam, and educated for the army. Upon reaching the grade of second lieutenant he resigned his commission to enter the diplomatic corps. In the same year (1882) he went as a student interpreter to China, and in 1883 dis- tinguished hini.self in the disturbances of that year in Canton, where he saved many lives. After being Consul at Tientsin, in 1892. he he- came secretary of the German Legation at Wash- ington. Three years afterwards, having married an American, he was named Minister to Mexico, whence he returned to China in 1809 as Plenipo- tentiary at Peking. During the Boxer rebellion of the following year. Ketteler, who was an ex- cellent Chinese scholar, attempted to warn the Tsung-li-Yamen of the rashness of its course. On .lune 20 he started for an interview with that bodv and was shot in his sedan chair by a Chinese officer. KETTELEB., Wilhelm Emanuel. Baron von (1811-77). A German Roman Catholic ecclesi- astic and Ultramontane leader. He was born at Munster, Prussia, and was educated by the Jesuits at Brieg, in Switzerland, then studied law at GiJttingen, Berlin, Munich, and Heidelberg, and entered the civil service at Munster, but sud- denly changed his course and began the study of theology. He was ordained in 1844, became pro- vost of the Hedwigskirche in Berlin in 1849, and in 1850 was consecrated Bishop of Mainz. The object of his life was the restoration of his Church to its mediaeval splendor, and he opposed Bis- marck and the Hohenzollerns with unremitting cnergj-. At the Vatican Council he voted against the declaration of Papal infallibility, but on its pronouncement submitted to it immediately and even defended the new dogma in .several pastoral letters. Henceforth he assumed the leadership of the Ultramontane Party in its contest with the German Empire, advocating a policy of uncondi- tional resistance to the State's legislation in con- nection with ecclesiastical aflairs. He wrote: Freiheit, Autoritat und Kirche (7th ed. 1862); Die xpahren Orundlagen des religiosen Friedens (1868) ; Das allgemeine Konzil und seine Bcdcu- tung fiir unsere Zeit (5th ed. 1869) ; Die Katho- liken im Deutschen Reiche (5th ed. 1873) ; Der Kulturkampf gegen die katholische Kirche, etc. (18741. KET'TEBING. A market-town in Northamp- tonshire, England, 14 miles northeast of Xorth- ampton (Map: England, F 4). It has iron-ore quarries, blast-furnaces, and boot and shoe fac- tories. The large and handsome parish church has a tower dating from 1450, and there is a fine town hall with com exchange. Modern build- ings include a free library, hospitals, and Vic- toria Hall. Kettering has a free grammar school and owns its water-works. Population, in 1891, 19,4.50; in 1901. 28.(i.53. KETTLE-DBTJM. A metallic kettle or basin, made of copper or brass, with a head of vellum, which is lapjM'd over an iron ring, and fitted out- side of the kettle. By means of screws the head may be tightened or loosened. The drums are played by means of a mallet covered with felt or leather. By means of the screws the instruments can be tuiied. In modem orchestras there are generally three kettle-drums, tuned in the tonic, dominant, and subdominant. Modem composers require the kettle-drums to change their tones within the same movement, and often without many bars of rest. To enable the performer to meet these requirements Richard Ludwig of Leipzig has invented a kettle-drum which in very short time can be tuned to any interval. Instead of turning each individual screw the performer turns only one large one, by means of which all the others are operated. The larger of the two drums is tuned in F, the smaller in Bfe. By means of a pedal any interval within a perfect fifth can be obtained : so that the larger drum can produce all tones between F and c, and the smaller all tones between Bp and f, giving the performer the possibility of producing any chromatic interval between F and f. The chief use of the kettle- drum is to emphasize rhythmic figures. KETTLEDBTTM. A term which, as applied to a social gathering, originated in the British Army in India. It sometimes happened in the emergencies of camp life that in an entertainment given by officers and their wives there was a lack of requisite furniture, so that the heads of kettle- drums were made to serve in place of tables to