Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/506

* KERATIN. 458 KERESAN STOCK. the same composition as, and in many respects allied to, the pioleids. Unlike the true proteids. however, keratin is not acted on hy either pepsin or trypsin. Keratin is the principal chemical constituent of the suhstance of hair, epidermis, nails, feathers, and horn. It may be readily prepare) . A !■ reni-h author and politician. He was l)orn at Kennes, and, though rcpul)lican in principles, was impri>oned twice during the Terror on account of his aristocratic descent. He then lived in retirement, and devoted him- self to i)hilosophical an<l religious studies until the restoration of the Bourbons. By his liberal attitude as a member of the C'hanil)cr of Depu- ties he did much to ])roniote the Kevolutifm of lS:iO, resulting in the downfMll of Charles X. and the accession of Louis l'hilipi)e. He was made a peer of France in IS.'il by Louis Philippe. In 1848 he was again a member of the Chamber of Deputies. After the coup d'etat of Napoleon, to whom he was strongly o])])osed, he withdrew from public life. Among his works may be men- tioned: InilKctions morales cl physiologiques (1817); l)u hcaii diinx les arts d'iinilatiun (1822); and some novels, widely read in their time, including Le dernier des licaumanoirs (1824); Fridvric Sli/ndall (1827); .Saphira (1835). He also contributed numerous articles to the Cmirricr Francois, of which he was one of the founders. KERATRY, Kmii.e de. Coimt (1832-1904). A Freneli politician, born in Paris. Abandoning the legitimist traditions of his family, young Keralry entered the army (1854). and fought in Africa, the Crimea, and Mexico. Returning to Paris in 18(i5, he became a contributor to the Revue Con I em porn ine, and subsequently edi- tor of the Ilei'iie Moderne. in which appeared his articles on the French occupation and <'ampaigns in Mexico, which threw light on the course pur- sued by the Imperial (lovenimcnt in Mexico and produced a lively sensation in France. In 1869 ' he was elected a Dei)uty to the Corps Legislatif, and became an active member of the opposition. During the session of 1870 Keratry was active in pressing measures for the reorganization of France in so far as regarded the national militia and the suffrage. On the fall of the Empire (September 4, 1870) he was made Prefect for Paris; but he soon resigned this position to go on a diplomatic mission to Spain. On his return Oambetta made him commander-in-chief of the forces organized in the five dejiartments of Brit- tany, but he ipiarreled with Gambetta and re- signed November 27, 1870. In !Iarch. 1871. Thiers appointed him Prefect of the Department of Haute-Caronne. and in November he was made Prefect of the Department of Bouchesdu- Rhrme; but he exhibited such lack of tact and hostility to the Kepublican Party that his resig- nation was willingly accepted in Augiist, 1872. He then became one of the editors of I^e ffoir. He wrote several comedies, dramas, and pam- phlets, the chief among the latter being: La Contre-Guerrilla franraise au Mexique (18G7); L'ilevation et la chute de I'cmpereur Maximilien (1867); La crijncc Jeckcr (1868); Le quatre tivptembre (1872); ilurad V., prince, suttnn, pnsonnicr d'etat (1878); .4. trovers le posse, souvenirs militaires (1887). KERAULI, ker'ou-le', or KARAULI. A native Kajput State, India, northwot of tiwalior, from which it is separated by the Chumbul Kiver. Area, 1229 square miles. Population, in 1891, 150.000: in 1901, 15U.800. The surface generally is hilly and well timbered: iron is found, build- ing-stone is quarried, and there are some unim- portant domestic industries. Agriculture con- sists in the cultivation of cereals for home con- sumi)tion. The ruler is a rajah, advised by a British Itesident. Capital, Kerauli. KERBELA, kt^r-b-i'la, or MESHHED HO- SEIN, mesh'bed ho-sfin'. A city of .>iatic Tur- key, in the Vilayet of Bagdad, about 55 miles southwest of the city of Bagdad, not far from the Euphrates, with which it is connected by the ancient llamadiyyah Grand Canal, which drains a marshy region. Ho.sein, son of the Caliph Ali, while attempting to defend his claim to the caliphate, was defeated and killed there by the Ommiads; he was buried in the cily, which then became for the Shiahs second in holiness only to Mecca. Most of this sect being Persians, Ker- bela is almost entirely Persian in character. The fanaticism of the inhabitants shows itself cs|ie- cially in the violence with which a sort of pas- sion play is acted on the anniversary of Hoscin's death. (See Has.x axd Hosein.) The city has been the scene of many revolts, after the last of which, in 1843, suppressed with much bloodshed, the riglit of sanctuary which had been extended to criminals at Kerbela was an- nulled. There are five moscjues. The principal one, that containing the tomb of Hosein, is ven- erated both by Shiahs and Sunnis; its domes and minarets are plated with gold. The second mosque is that of the Imam Abbas. Non-Mo- hammedans are not allowed to enter either of them. The number of pilgrims visiting the city annually is enormous — according to some estimates 200.000. They often bring the corpses of relatives for burial in sacred ground. It is clainuil that the plague which has often de- vastated the land was in many cases due to this fact. Kerbela is also a starting-point for the Mecean pilgrimage (see Haj.i ). and the market- place for the whole of Northeast Arabia. Trade is brisk, and the Turkish Government derives a large revenue from the place. The treasuries of the mosques have during the centuries l)een enriched liy countless precious gifts: the treas- urers, who receive no salary', are also made wealthy by donations from pilgrims. The chief industries are the manufacture of bricks of holy earth, such as are used by the Shiahs in daily prayers, and the making of shrouds, on which are stamped verses from the Koran. Dates and cereals are the chief food exports. A ruined wall, 24 feet high, surrounds the old city, the streets of which, with one exception, are narrow and dirty. But new quarters have recently de- veloped around the old. with broad, regular, and lamp-lighted streets, and sidewalks. The popii- lation is about 65.000. of which 54.000 are Shiahs. KER'ESAN STOCK. A Pueblo group of New Mexico, constituting the ancient tribe of the Queres or Keres. and now represented by the Pueblos of Acoma. CochitI, Lagima, San Felipe,