Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/479

* KELLY. 435 KELP. the Italian school, and made his first appearance on the opeiatic stage in his native city in 1779. The same year he went to Naples to continue his vocal lessons. He was a pupil of Finaroli there and of Aprile at Palermo, and sang in several Italian cities until engaged at the Court Theatre, Vienna (1783-87). While there he became inti- mate with Jlozart, who trained him for the role of Basilio in the initial performance of Le yozze di Fiijuro, and even accepted some of Kelly's suggestions on the part. He made his debut in JEngland as Lionel in the School for Fathers (1787). at the Drui-y Lane, continued to be first tenor there, and afterwards was musical director until his retirement (1808). His compositions date from his musical settings for Conway's False Appearance aitd Fashioiiahle Friends (1789), and for the following thirtj' years he continued to write music for the dramatic pieces of Conway and others, including Sheri- dan's Pizarro (1799) and Coleridge's Remorse (1814). Besides airs and overtures, he com- posed many songs that were popular in their day; but of more enduring interest are his Remi- niscences (2 vols.. 182(j), containing personal items about Jlozart. In 1802 Kelly set up a shop adjoining the theatre for the sale of his productions, but it made him bankrupt within ten years. He made his last stage apjiearanc* in 1811, at the Dublin Theatre. KELLY, Thom.s (17(59-1853). An Irish hymn-writer, born in Dublin. He graduated at Trinity College. Dublin ; began the study of law, but gave it up for theologv", and became a clergy-- man. He was a man of wealth, and organized numerous congregations. His reputation rests upon his Hymns, to the number of 705. which appeared in Dublin in successive editions between 1801 and 18.53, and which in their day were very popular. KELLY, Wil.Li.iM (1811 — ). An American inventor. He was born in Pittsburg. Pa. ; was educated at the public schools, and before he was twenty-two years old had decisively proved his mechanical ingenuity by several inventions, chief of which was a reolving steam-engine. In 1845 he went to Lyon County, Ky., and having en- gaged in the manufacture of iron, bent his ener- gies to the problem of inventing improved proc- esses of manufacture. His factory on the C'um- lierland River soon turned out a product that acquired more than a local reputation. In 1847 he began to study the problem of reducing fuel cost in the manufacture of iron, and soon after- wards to decarbonize molten iron by the applica- tion of an air-blast, a process for which he built a converter. It is claimed in Kelly's behalf that this process, by which molten cast iron is changed into steel, was employed for some time in certain lines of steel manufacture before Sir Henry Bes- semer's process was introduced into the t'nited States by Alexander L. Holley in 1807. Kelly's knowledge that Bessemer was patenting his proc- ess in England compelled him to apply at Wash- ington for the protection of his own rights, and he obtained official recognition that he was the first inventor, although the application for a Bes- semer natent was pending at thf* time. In 18(13 a factory was built at Wvandotte. Jlich.. for the manufacture of steel bv Kelly's process; but dis- putes whic'n threatened nrntracted litigation com- pelled the claimants in behalf of the rival proc- esses to consolidate their interests three years afterwards. It is said that Kelly was the first to employ Chinese workmen in the United States. KELOID, less often, but more correctly, CHE- LOID (Gk. X'/^'7> chele, a claw). A benign neo- plasm which appears in the skin in the form of a .scar-like fibrous tumor. It is probably always due to an injury, at whose site it apiMars, though formerl}' it was believed that 'true keloid' arose spontaneously, while 'false keloid' followed in- jury. Keloid has been known to follow pressure of clothing, a scratch, a vaccination wound, a boil, a leech-bite, an acne pustule, a small-pox pustule, and an incision in the lobule of the ear made for an earring. Certain persons are predisposed to scarring and to keloid, small in- juries being followed by the disease. This state- ment is true of the negro race. It is not imcom- mon to see negroes with large muubers of keloids of varying sizes. The keloid is usually an ele- vated, rounded, firm, flat tumor with sharply defined edges projecting about one-eighth of an inch above the level of the slcin, and generally appearing on the face, ears, back, shoulders, or breasts. Occasionally it has the form of a ridge. It is of a glistening hite or red color, smooth on its surface, devoid of lanugo hairs, and often painful on pressure. Rarely keloids weighing over 15 pounds are encountered. L'pon section the tumor appears to be fibrous, with a few nuclei and spindle cells chiefly about the blood-vessels. It is thought that keloid de- velops from abnormal growth of the adcentitia of the arterioles. Claw-like processes project from the timior into the neighboring skin, and there arc changes in the walls of blood- vessels for some distance beyond the edge of the keloid. The tumor usually progresses up to a certain point and then remains stationarj-. The only desirable treatment is excision. The growth is almost sure to return after cauteriza- tion or excision. If the latter is practiced, thor- ougli removal of surrounding tissue must be made. As palliatives of the pain or itching, mer- curial applications, lead, salicylated plaster, re- sorcin. and pressure have been used. Linear scari- fications and electricity have also been employed. KELP. The crude ash obtained by drying sea- weeds, mainly Fucacea' and Laminariae, in the sun and then burning them in shallow excava- tions at a low heat. About 20 or 24 tons of sea- weed yield 1 ton of kelp, which, as met with in commerce, consists of hard dark-gray or bluish masses, which have an acrid, caustic taste, and are composed of common salt, sodium carbonate, !-odium and potassium sulphates, potassium chlo- ride, potassium or sodium iodide, insoluble salts, and coloring matter. Kelp was formerly a great soTirce of soda (the crude carbonate) and iodine; but as these substances can now be obtained at a lower price and of better quality from other sources, the kelp is prepared in far less quantity than formerly. The term kelp is also applied to • the seaweed from which the crude ash known bv that name is derived. On the coasts of Ireland, Scotland. France, and Xew England the term is applied mainly to species of Fucus and Lanii- naria. and is sometimes confined to the latter genus. The kelp of the Pacific Coast of North and South America is Jlacrocystis pyrifera. The principal use of kelp at the present time is as a. manure. See Seaweed.