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KARAMZIN. was editor, and later separately, 1797-1801 in 6 vols.). Xliesc letters, which producuil at the lime a great iin|)ression, were nioihh'il on Sterne's Hcntiiiuiilal Journey, and tilled with the spirit of kindliness and humanity. J'oor Liza; Xatalj/a, the Jioyar's Daughter (171)2); and Martha the Vicercgent (1793) were over-seiiti- nicntal tales dealing with a sort of Arcadian shepherds under Russian names. Vet their suc- cess was fireat. In 1803. after publishing various periodicals, he was ai>pointed historiographer, vith a salary of 2000 rubles per year, and all archives were placed at his disposal. The first eight volumes of Iiis History of Uussia ap- peared in 1818, and the whole edition of .3000 was sold out in twenty-five days. The four later volumes (the last, unfinished, comes down to IGll) were published in 1818-20. Its chief thesis was that Russia flourished when autocracy pre- vailed, and was weak when autocratic power was en the decline. The importance of this work lies in the notes copied from documents now lost and in its artistic presentation of the subject-matter. Karanizin's chief service in Russian literature is his untiring and successful labors to establish a literarj- language on the basis of colloquial usage.

The best (5th) edition of Karanizin's works is that of 1845. In I8G7 appeared at Paris Let- ires d'un voyagcur russe, with notes by Pogadin. Geschiclite dcs russisrhen Slants, in German translation by Hauenschild und Ooldhammer. in French: Histoire de Vonpirc russe (11 vols., Paris, lSin-2(i ; Voyage en France (Paris, 1885).

KARANKAWA, ka'ran-ka'wa. An extinct tribe of Indians formerly occupying the vicinity of Matagorda Bay on the coast of 'Texas. From the few remains of their language they appear either to have constituted a distinct stock or to have had afTmit.y with the Carrizo and other tribes of Coahuiltecan stock adjoining them on the south. They are first definitely mentioned by the French explorer Joatel, in 1G87. Shortly afterwards, in consequence of the seizure of some o: their canoes by the French, they attacked Fort Saint Louis, and killed or carried off every per- son of the small garrison. At this time thoy are said to have been cannibals. The greater portion remained uncompromisingly hostile to all white men, as well as to most of the sur- rounding tribes, with the result that their num- ber rapidly dwindled. In 1805 they were still estimated 'at five himdrcd men. In ISIS three hundred Karankawa warriors attacked and fought a pitched battle with two hundred of I.afitte's pirates, and were only repelled with the aid of artillery. Before the close of the Texan War of Independence they had been near- ly wiped out by the American settlers. About the year 1843 the small remnant, some fifty in number, removed to Mexico, whence they were expelled a few years later on account of continued depredations, making their camp near Hidalgo, Tex,, where the last of them were exterminated by Mexican ranchers in 1858. The Karankawa appear to have been utter and irredeemable savages, but withal possessing a rare courage and magnificent physique. The men wore only the G-string, the women a deerskin skirt, and both sexes tattooed the face. Their bouses were mere shelters of poles, over which skins were fastened on the windward side. They subsisted on game, wild fruits, and fish. They made some potterv and had a festival at which they drank the 'black drink' from the yaupon while dancing to the sound of llute. rattle, und notched stick. Consult tiat.schet, '•Xht Karan- kawa Indians," in I'eabody Museum Papers, vol. ii. (Cambridge, 11)01). KARA SEA. The portion of the Arctic Ocean inclosed between the island of Nova Zenibla and the Russo-Siberian mainland. It is roughly oval in shape, 400 miles long and 250 miles broad, and opens widely into the main ocean in the northeast. It comnuinicatcs with the ocean in the west by the narrow Matochlin Strait, and in the southwest by the Yugor and Kara Straits on either side of Vaigach Island. It is shallow in the northeast, but reaches a depth of UOO feet near and in the Kara Strait, where navigation is endangered by freciucnt fogs. The i)rincii)al in- lets of the sea are the Kara Bay and the (Julf of Obi, inclosing the Yalmal Peninsula. It was known to the Russians from very early days, and was first visited by shijjs from Western Kurope in 1580. when Pet and .lackman pushed through Kara Strait.  KARASU-BAZAR, ka-ra'soo-b&-zar'. A town in the Crimea, Uussia, situated 28 miles east- northea.st of Simferopol (Map: Russia, D 5). It has narrow and crooked streets, and with its numerous khans and minarets presents a decided- ly Oriental iippearancc. In the vicinity are sitii- ated many gardens, and the town is one of the yirincipal centres of the fruit trade in the Crimea. Population, in 1897, 12.961, consisting mainly of Tatars, Armenians, Greeks, and Karaite Jews. KARATCHEV, ka-rii'chev. The capital of a district in the Government of Orel. Russia, situ- ated about 56 miles west-northwest of Orel (Map: Russia, D 4). It contains a number of oil-presses and carries on a trade in grain, hemp, and oil. Population, in 1897, 15,600.

KARATEGIN, kii'ratii-gen'. A mountain dis- trict in Central Asia, forming the northeastern Province of Bokhara (Map: Asia, Central, M 2). It stretches with an area of 4100 square miles along the southern slope of the Hissar and Alai, the southwestern extension of the Tian- Shan Mountains, and along the valley of the Waksh or Kizilsu River, an affluent of the Amu Darya. The mountains here rise to a height of 18.000 feet, and the climate is continental, warm in summer and severe in winter. The slopes and valleys are best suited for cattle-raising, but agriculture is also carried on. Wheat, corn, hemp, and cotton, melons, and other fruits are produced. The inh;ibitants number about 100,- 000. chiefly Tajiks in the settlements, with a number of nomad Kirghiz in the country. The capital is Harm, or Garni, on the Kijil-su. Kar- ategin was an independent khanate until 1877, when it was incorporated with Bokhara.

KARATHEODORI, k:'i'n'ta'A-dA're', Alex- ander. Pasha (1S33 — ). A Turkish statesman. He was born at Con'^tnntinople. and was the son of a physician and philologist. Stephen Karathc- odori. After studying in Germany he entered the diplomatic service of Turkey. In 1876 and 1877 he was employed as councilor by .'^afvet Pasha. Minister of Foreicm AfTairs. In 1878 he took part in the preliminary negotiations over the Treaty of San Stefano, and in the same year he was sent as one of the commissioners of the