Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/441

* KARAJAN". 399 KABAMZIN. vice-president in 1851, and its president in I8GI). Among liis many important philological works, his editions of specimens from early German literature deserve especial mention, notably; Friihlingsguhe fur Freuiide iilterer Litteratur (1839) ; Michael Behaiins liuch von den Wienem (1843); Deutsche tiprachdenkmale des zwolften jahrhunderls (1840); Zicei bisher ttnbekannte Siiruclidriikinale uus heidnischer Zeit (1858). KARAJITCH, ku-ra'jcch, VuK (Wolf) Ste- FAisoviTCH (1787-1804), the founder of the liter- ary language of the Serbo-Croats and of their literature. He was born at Trshitch in Servia. He learned to read from letters scribbled on shot- gun paper with a, reed pen dipped in a solution of giuipowder. At seventeen he was the 'most learned lad' in the neighborhood. At Karlowitz (Austria) he learned Latin, Church Slavonic, and German. Tliree years later he returned to Servia, served as scribe in the Belgrade Council, was later made judge, but had to leave for Vienna in 1813 after the Turks quelled the rising in Servia. Here he wrote an open letter to Czerny George, leader of the imsuccessful uprising. On the Fall of Senna. Urged on by the Slavic scliolar Kopi- tar. Karajitcb published a collection of Servian popular songs in 1814 and then A (Iramrnar Based on the Popular Tongue. In 1818 he pub- lished his Servian Dictionary Explained in Ger- man and Latin. A revised edition of his gram- mar was prefixed to the Dictiouaiy, and then translated by Jakob Grimm (q.v. ) in 1824. He visited Russia in 1818 and made many friends among the Russian scholars, and tlion I'eturned to Servia to establish the primary schools on a more rational basis. In 1829-30 he codified Servian law for Prince Milosh. but soon left Servia, ow- ing to the Prince's despotism. He traveled in Dalmatia, Montenegro, and Croatia until 1839, when he returned to his fatherland. The rich ma- terial collected in his wanderings was embodied in Popular Servian Proverbs (1835, 2d ed., Vienna, 1849) ; Popular Servian Songs, in si.x volumes (i.-iv., 1841-4.5-46-63. v.-vi.. 1865-06) ; a new edi- tion of his Dictiouarji (1852), supplemented by Popular Servian Tales; and Examples of the Serho-Slorenian Languages (1857). KARAKORUM, k-i'ra-ko'rum (ilongol Kara- Kurrii. lilack camp) . The old capital of the Jlon- gol Empire before the establishment of the Court at Peking. It is situated near the Orkhon River in Slongolia, north of the Desert of Gobi. It was one of the principal camps of Genghis Khan, and became the oflTicia! capital of the Empire in 1234. It was visited by JIarco Polo, tut its situation was unknown to Europeans until 1889, when it was discovered by the Rus- sian explorer Yadrintseff. Only the ruins now remain. KARAKORUM (or Mustagh) MOUN- TAINS. A mountain range of Central Asia, forming the extreme northwestward extension of the Himalaya system (Jlap: India, CI). It branches ofT from the Himalayas proper near the headwaters of the Indus, and extends along the right bank of that river through the whole of its northwest course, covering the northern half of the P|pvinoe of Kashmir. India. Its north- west terminatinn is at the Pamir, where it meets the Hindu Kush. It ennsists of a number of lofty ridges, and the whole region is verr ele- vated, the valley-bottoms being 10,000 to 15,000 feet above sea-level. The numerous peaks in- clude some of the highest in the world, ilount Godwin-Austen is 28,278 feet above the sea, and there are at least four others with a height above 2.5,000 feet. Some of the valleys are con- nected b}' lofty passes, one of which, the Kara- korum Pass, in latitude 35° 30' N., longitude 77° 50' E., has an altitude of 18,550 feet. Con- sult Conway, Climbing in the Karakorum Moun- tains (London, 1894). KARAMAN, ka'raman', or CARAMAN. A town of Karamania, in the southern part of Asia JNIinor ( Map : Turkey in Asia, E 4 ). It contains a mediaeval castle, two mosques, and ruins of an old medresse or college, showiuf^ traces of remarkable architectural beauty. The chief products of the tora are coarse cotton and woolen stuffs, and hides. The population is estimated at 8000. Karaman is the ancient Laranda. KARAMANIA, ka'ra-mii'ne-a, or CARA- MANIA. A region in Southern Asia Minor, cov- ering the central and eastern part of the modern Turlcish Vilayet of Konieh ( ilap : Turkey in Asia, E 3). It reaches Lake Tuz Tcholli in the north, the Taurus Moimtains in the south, the Sultan Dagh in the west, and the outliers of the Anti-Taurus in the east. It is an elevated plain, with a barren, sandy soil, and a few short rivers, which lose themselves in the desert or empty into the large salt lakes around the borders of the region. The climate is hot and dry in the summer and raw in the w'inter. In ancient times a very rich district, it is now sparsely settled by nomadic tribes whose chief occupation is cattle- raising. Karamania was subjugated by the Turks in the fimrteenth and fifteenth centuries. KARAMNASSA, ka'ram-nas'sa. A river in the Province of Bengal, British India. After a course of about 150 miles it enters the Ganges from the right. It is subject to Hoods and has been known to rise 25 feet in a night. The river is repugnant to all caste Hindus, and its name signifies 'the destroyer of religious merit.' KARA MUSTAPHA, ka'ra mus'ta-fa ( ?- 1G83). A grand vizier of Turkey. He was the son of a spahi. and was educated by Mohammed Kiuprili. After the death of Ahmed Kiuprili in 1070. Mohammed IV. made Kara Mustapha Grand Vizier. He proved to be incapable, and was de- feated repeatedly in the various wars. He is especially remembered for his siege of Vienna in 1083, where, in order not to be compelled to share the prospective booty with his soldiers, he de- layed the assault so long that .John Sobieski of Poland arrived on the scene in time, and together with the German princes inflicted a crushing de- feat upon the Turks. The Sultan finally ordered Kara Mustapha to be strangled. KARAMZIN, kii'ram-zen', Xikolai jMikhai- LoviTCH (1766-1826). A Russian historian and author, born near Simbirsk on the Volga. His father, an oflicer of Tatar descent, sent; him to jIoscow, where he learned French and German and a little English and Italian. In 1781 he entered the army, and twO' years later left it to take up literature as a profession. He worked with Novikoff (q.v.) during 1785-88. and went abroad in 1789. The eighteen months spent in France, Germanv, Switzerland, and England were described in his Letters of a Russian Traveler (1789-92, in the Moscow Journal, of which he