Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/438

* KANT. 396 KANTEMIR. prehend its incomprehensibility ; and this is all that can fairly be (icnianiliHl of a philosophy which seeks to leach the princijiles which dclur- niine the limits of human reason." lint virtue or action in aecorchmce with duty, thou;;h the su- preme, is "not the whole or complete good which linite, r.itional beings desire to obtain. The com- plete good includes hapjiiness." This involves "the iniion of virtue and liappiness in the same person." lint "the connection of virtue and liappiness in a system of nature, which is merely an object of the senses, cannot be other than contingent, and therefore it cannot be established in the way re- quired in the conception of the highest good." Such a union is possible only if there is "perfect harmony of the disposition with the moral law," but of this harmony "no rational being existing in the world of sense is capable at any moment of his life." Yet "such a harmony must be possible, for it is implied in the command to promote that object;" hence we must assume "an inlinitc jirog- ress toward ])erfect harmony with the moral law." and this involves immortality as a ]iostnlate of morality. ]5ut "the moral hnv leads us to postu- late not only the immortality of the soul, but the existence of God." for therc must be a cause "able to connect happiness and morality in exact har- mony with each other." and Cod is the only con- ceivable cause of this kind. Thus the postulates of morality are God, freedom, and immortality. All this reasoning involves the assumption of two separate worlds — the world of sense, of jihenom- cna, and the world of intelligible but unknow- able realities. But Kant was not content to rest in this absolute separation. He tries to bring these two worlds together. The beauty and the seeming pnrposiveness of nature make it probable that mechanism, the principle of the world of experience as governed by the conception of cause, and teleologv'. the principle of the world of intelligible realities as a kingdom of ends, are not inconipatilile. 'Iliey may be united in a single principle, which, however, becaiise of the limitations of our reason, we cannot formulate. It now remains to say something of Kant's place in the develo)nnent of science. We have already seen that Kant's lectures were not con- fined to philosophy. Indeed, his services in the theory of science were proliably as great as in the realm of pliilosophy. It is only necessary to refer to Kant's anticipation of Laplace (q.v.) in (he view that the solar system has developed from a primitive gaseous material with rotatory mo- tion. Kant went further and suggested that the fixed stars might be systems, like the solar sys- tem, which have arisen in the same way. This theory was worked out in the AHricviriiie yatiir- fieachichlc vnil Throrie des nimmrh (IT.T.'i), forty-four years before the appearance of the Mfcaniquc 'rHeste ( 17!I0-1825). In addition to the works mentioned by name above. Kant wrote nunierons books and essays. among the most important of which are the fol- lowing: De Mvndi Hrnaihilis ntquc JiitrlUfiihilis Forma et Principiis (1770): Prolerjommn zu etner jeden kilnftigen Melnphj/sik, die iff: Wissen- schafi u-ird avftrelen konnen (17S.'?) : Grundle- gung zxir Metaphysik der flitten (ns.T) ; Mctn- physischc Anfdngsgiihtdc drr Xalnnfinsenscliaft (1786) ; Kritil; der jtraktischcn 'eniunf t {l~>iSj ; Kritik der VrthcUftkrnft (1700) (these last two works, together with the h'ritik der reinen Ver- mtnft, contain the gist of Kant's whole philos- ophy) ; Die Religion innerhalb der Orenzen der hlosseii ]'cr>iuiifi (17'J3); Metaphysik der Silteii (17y7). In addition there arc works on physical geograjiliy. neural iiatliolog)', lesthelies, elhnog- rapiiy. anthropology, history, criticism, meteorol- ogy, politics, logic, and pedagogy. His complete works were edited bv Kosenkranz and Schubert (1838-42); by Hortenstein (187-09); and by Kirchmann. Among Knglisli translations of Kant's works mention should be made of the ('ritii/ue of Pure It'edsoii, trans, by Jb'ikleiohn (London. 1854), and by Max JKiller (2d <'d,: ib., 1890) ; Prolegomena, tr. by MahalVy and Hernaid (ill., 1889) ; Prolegoineiia and Melapligsicut Foun- dations of Xatural Science, trans, by Bax (il)., 1883) ; Critique of Practical Reason and Other Works on the Theory of Ethics, trans, by Abbott (ib.. 1898) : Critique of Judgment, trans, by Ber- nard (ib.. 1892) ; Philosophy of Laics, trans, by Ilastie (Edinburgh. 1887) : Principles of Politics, trans, liy Ilastie ( ib., 1891); Cosmogony, trans, by Ilastie ( ib.. 1900). A brief English version of Kant's philosophy is given in The Philosophy of Kant as Contained in Extracts from His (hm Writings, selected and trans, by Watson (New York, 1894). Consult also: Mahaffy, Kant's Critical Philosophy for English Readers (London, 1872-74) ; Watson, Kant and IJis English Critics (Glasgow, 1881); Stirling. Text-Hook to Kant (Edinburgh, 1881); Jlorris, Kant's Critique of Pure Reason (Chicago, 1882) ; Caird, Critical Philosophy of Kant (New York, 1859) ; Paulsen, Immanuel Kant, sein Leben tmd seine Lehre (Stuttgart, 1898; Eng. trans.. New York, 1902) ; Vaihinger, Kommentar zur Kritik der reinen Vcrnnnft, of which two volumes have appeared (Leipzig, 1881-92). A bibliography, even very inadequate, of only the important works on Kant would take us beyond the limits of this wmk. Consult Adickes, "Bibliograpliy of Writings by Kant and on Kant which Have Appeared in Ger- manv Up to the End of 1887." in Philosophical RevHW (Biiston. 1892 et seq.). KANTEMIR, kiin'tye-mer'. A noble family of iloldavia. three of whose members attained the dignity of Prince of that country'. The most celebrated" was Dejietrii-s Kantemib (1073- 1723). who became Prince in 1710. He entered into an alliance with Peter the Great of Kussia for the purpose of throwing ofT the Turkish supremacy. Peter's unfortunate campaign be- yond the Pruth (1711) compelled Demetrius to flee to Piussia. where he was treated with the most distinguished honors, and played a part, in the intellectual life of the capital. He was one of the founders of the Saint Petersburg Academy and the author of several works on Moldavian and Turkish history, among whiib are: fieseriptio Moldariw, Cronica-lfomano-Mol- do-Ylrihilor, and Hisloria de Ortu et Defectione Imperii Turcioi. His son was the well-known Russian satirist Antiokh Kanteniir (q.v.). KANTEMIR, A.xtiokii D>riTKiYEvrcii (1709- 44). A PvUssian satirical poet and diplomatist. He was born at Constantinople, brought up in Russia, and at an early age became an officer of the Preobnzhenski Jiegiment. owing to the spe- cial interest Peter the Great took in him. At the age of twenty-thr.ee he was sent as jMinister to Great Britain, and in 1738 to France. A man of considerable erudition and wide culture, he was a great favorite at his diplomatic posts. An ardent lover of the classics, he made numerous