Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/419

* K'ANG-HI. 383 KANIZSA, O. 'Great Pure' dynasty established on the throne of China by the Manchu Tatars, the first hav- ing been Shiin-chih, his father. Shun-chih died in 16(il, and K'ang-hi's reign, according to custom, begins to be reckoned in the following year. Be- ing only eiglit years old, a regent was appointed. At fourteen he assumed the reins of government, and used the power vested in his hands with pru- dence, vigor and success. He extended his do- minion to Khokand, Badakhshan, and Tibet. He simplified the administration and consolidated his power in even,' part of his vast dominion, and thus became more celebrated than almost any other modern Asiatic monarch. Personally he was well disposed toward Christianity, and has been made known to all the world. He sub- dued many tribes, settled by treaty the northern frontier between China and Russia (1079), had the Empire surveyed by the Jesuit missionaries, and encouraged commerce with foreigners, the East India Company having been allowed to establish an agency in 1677. He was a great patron of both literature and art. JIany large and important works were brought out under his own personal supervision. These included the great Imperial Dictionary of Chine,se with a vocabulary of over 40,000 characters ; a con- cordance to all literature known as the Pei-Wcn- Yun-Foo, in 110 thick volumes; two great ency- clopedias, one of which, the Ku-kin T'oo >S'ft»- Tseih-Ching, printed from movable copper type, is in 5020 volumes. Under his patronage and en- couragement art flourished and attained a vigor and perfection that has never been approached since. His posthumous or temple name is Shing- tsu Jin Hwang-ti. K'ANG-WA, kJing'wa', K'ANG-WHA, or K'ANG-HOA (Japanese. River-Flower). An island lying at the mouth of the Han River in Korea, and very important as guarding the water approach to the capital, Seoul. For ages it was the place of refuge for the Court during the many invasions of the country. Modem methods of warfare have made the island less valuable as a stronghold; but the archives of the Govern- ment, in duplicate, are still kept there in a fortified monastery by Buddhist monks, who are subsidized and act as a clerical militia. In October, 1S6G, the city of K'ang-wa was stormed and looted by the French under Admiral Roze, in revenge for the execution some months pre- viously of nine French Jesuit missionaries in Seoul. Tlie French marines attempting to storm the monastery were driven back with great loss. In 1871 Admiral John Rodgers. with a United States squadron, having had his survey boats fired upon, landed a force of 759 men under command of Winfield Scott Schley (q.v.), which attacked and captured the five forts. On Sep- tember 19, 1S75. the Koreans fired upon some Japanese marines, mistaking them for French and Americans. The next day the Japanese stormed the fort, and soon after Kuroda (q.v.) with a squadron of warships arrived off the island, and with Inouye (q.v.) secured the treaty by which the two nations entered into relations of peace and commerce. The island is rich in ancient monuments and very interesting to the student. On the headland above the forts stormed by the Americans the Koreans have erected tablets to the memory of their com- patriots. See Trollope in the Transactions of the Korean Asiatic Society (1901); and Griffis, Corea: The Hermit Nation (New York, 1889). K'ANG YU-WEI, kiing yUU' wa' (c.l858-). A Cliinese scholar and reformer, born in Canton. He became a Chin-shih or Doctor of Litera- ture, the highest in China, and was the author of a new commentary on the Chinese classics. He came under the influence of the missionaries, and made himself acquainted through their books with the history and philosophy of Western na- tions, and became the leader of the Party of Reform. He had a large following among stu- dents in several provinces, who called him the 'Modem Sage,' and he was one of a large number of educated young men recommended to the Emperor Kwang-hsii (at his own request) by Peking officials, viceroys, and governors to assist him in reform. When the Emperor promulgated his reforms, a reaction set in; he was practically deposed by the Dowager Empress, many of his admirers were executed or imprisoned, but K'ang Yu-Wei made his escape, and went to Hong Kong, or some other place out of Chinese jurisdiction. KANITZ, ka'nits, Felix Piiilipp (1828-1904). An Hungarian ethnologist and archaeologist, born at Budapest and educated at Vienna. He traveled through Gk-rmany, Belgium, France, and Italy, and after a trip to the South Slavic countries gave himself up almost entirely to the art and ethnology of Albania, Herzegovina, Servia, and Bulgaria, His more important writings are: Die romischen Funde in f^erbien (1861); Ser- biens iyzantinische Monumenfe (1862); Reise in Siidscrbicn und yordbulgarien (1868); Ser- hien (1808); Donau-Bulgarien und dcr Balkan (3d ed. 1S82) ; Katechismus dcr Ornamentik (4th ed. 1891) ; and liomische Studien in Serbien (1892). KANITZ, ka'nits, Haxs Wilhelsi Alexan- der, Count (1841 — ). A German politician, born at Mednicken and educated at Heidelberg and Berlin, He became a member of the Prussian Lower House in 1885 and of the German Reichs- tag in 1889, He is best known as a defender of protective tariffs and of agricultural interests, and as the author of the Antrag Kanitz. a pater- nal measure enjoining on the Government the purchase and sale, at an average rate, of all im- ported cereals. This bill came up once in 1894 and thrice in 1895, and was defeated by heavy plu- ralities. He wrote Aphorismen iiber Getreide- zijUe (1879), Die preussischen Ostprovinzen und die Zollreform (1880), and Die Festsetzung, von Mindestpreisen fiir das ausldndische Getreide (4th ed, 1895), KANIZSA (ko'ne-zho), NAGY, nodV ('big'), A royal free town of Hungary, situated in the County of Zala, 136 miles by rail south- west of Budapest (ilap: Hungary, E 3), It has two monasteries and a higher gv'nmasium. There are a number of important distilleries. The town has a considerable trade in agricultural products and live stock. Population, in 1890, 21,234: in 1900, 23,255, mostly Catholic Mag- yars, KANIZSA, d Cold'). A to^vn in the County of B;'ics-Bodrog, Hungary, situated on the right bank of the Theiss, about 15 miles south-south- east of Szegedin, Tobacco, wheat, and millet are raised extensively in the vicinity. Stock-raising and shipping are other oecupatinns. Population, in 1900, 16,532, mostly Catholic Magyars,