Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/412

* KAMPTtJLICON. 378 KANADA. con sc€ms to be that the former is made with u inixturc of linseed oil instead of the ruhher. Kaniptulieoii was introduced earlier than lino- leum, and since the introduction of the latter its manufacture has almost entirely ceased. KAMPTZ, kilnits, Kahl Albrecht Chris- TOI'II llKlNRKil VON ( 1 70'J-184!)) . A German statesman, born at Sehwcrin, Mecklenburg. He began his public life in the service of his native State, but in 1804 aeecpted an ollice at the Court of Wctzlur, and thenceforth continued in the service of I'russia. lie bccanu; widely known through tlio burning of his Cixle of I'alicc Law by the students at the Wartliurg Festival in 1817, and in 1S20 he made liimsclf universally disliked by the (jernian Liberals because of his zeal in carrying out the reactionary policy of I'russia vviiich followed the murder of Kotzcbue. From 1832 to hS.'iS he was Minister of .Justice. His writings include, in additicm to the before-men- tioned: liodrx <tcr <!i:ii<linmrrie (1815) ; a num- ber of works on Mecklenburg and Prussian law, including Civilreclit dcr IltrzoiilKimer Mccklen- Xiurg (1805); Aktenmiissiye D(irs(elluny dcr preussischen Oesetxrevision (1842); and Zusam- mcnslcll:i)i(i drr drri Entwiirfe dcs prcussischen Stral:ir'<'l:huclts (1840). KAMTCHATKA, kam-chat'ka. A peninsula at the eastern end of Siberia, extending in a southerly direction between Bering Sea and the Sea of Okhotsk from latitude 51° to about 00° N. It is about 700 miles long, and varies in width from 70 to 2.50 miles. Area, 104,000 square miles. The northern part is a flat tundr.a. The remainder of the peninsula is chielly moun- tainous. The central ridge does not extend through the entire length of the peninsula, as is generally believed, but only to about latitude 57' X. East of the central ridge is the volcanic chain. The highest point of the |)eninsula is the extinct volcano Itdiinskaya (l(i.!)20 feet). There are known to exist twelve active volcanoes in Kamtehatka, all east of the central ridge and twentv-six extinct volcanoes, elso mostly in the eastern part of the peninsula. The highest of the active volcanoes are the Khitchovskava (over lli.OOO feet) and the Great Shivelvutcli (over 10.000 feet). In 180!) glaciers 'were found on some of the mountains. The southern l)art of the central ridge is composed chiefly of granites, syenites, porjihyries. and crystalline slates, while in the north Tertiary .sandstone and volcanic rocks are most prominent. The volcanic origin of the peninsula is also manifested by the numerous hot springs. The rivers of Kamtehatka mostly take their rise in the central chain, and (low either into Bering Sea or the Sea of Okhotsk. An exception is presented by the river Kamtehatka (."525 miles long), which flows north- east through a valley between the central range and the volcanic chain, and then turns eastward, emptying into Bering Sea. While the annual aver- age temperature is very low, the winters are not very severe. The climate of the western part of the peninsula is perceptibly cnldcr than that of the eastern part, the dilTcrence being due to the floating ice and cold currents of the Sea of Okhotsk. The annual average tetnperature at Petropavlovsk (on the eastern coast in about latitude 5.3° X.) is about 3fi°. ranging from about 59° in August to 14° in February. Tn the valleys of the interior the temperature is some- what higher. The precipitation is very abun dant, and winter lasts lor about nine months. Kamtehatka, notwithstanding, has a rich flora. W ith the exception of the tundras in the north, the surface is covered with extensive forests, both coniferous and deciduous. The gras.ses arc characterized by unusual height. The fauna dif- fers somewhat from that of the mainland. The chief wild animals include the bear, the fox, the sable, the ermine, etc. Along the coasts are found the fur-seal, the walrus, and many varieties of fish. Of minerals. Kamtehatka has native copper, iron, and sulphur — none of them worked. 'J'he jirincipal occupations of the inhabitants are fishing and hunting, all attempt,s at agriculture having practically failed on account of the un- favorable cliujatic conditions. Fish is the staple of the peninsula. The conuuercc is C(jnt rolled by a trading company, and most of the imports ccjiiie from the I'nitcd States. Barter trade prevails almost exclusively outside of Petropavlovsk, the capital. The population. 71'J!) in 1888, is com- posed of Kamtchadales, Koryaks. Tchuktchis, and Kussians. The Kamtchadaies are found in the central and southern parts of the peninsula. They are not over 4000 in number, and speak a lan- guage regardeil by some authorities as standing almost by itself. Physically they belong to the Siberian .section of the .Mongolian race, and are small statured. but strongly built. The Kam- tchadales are fishermen and hunters. Of 'the ap- I)earance, manners, and morals of the Kamtcha- dales, the earlier writers have transmitted no very pleasing record; but Erman (IS.'i.'i, 1871) and Kenuan (1870, 187!t) praise their hospital- ity, honesty, and good behavior. Their musical and dramatic talent was noted by Stcllcr in the latter |)art of the eighteenth century. Their na- tive religion was a well-marked Shamanism. The Kamtchadales are becoming more and more Rus- sianized, and the religion of most of them is now nominally Greek Catholicism. Like many other Siberian peoples, they are by no means .Ts near disappearance as is connnonly supposed. The Koryaks and the Tchuktchis are found chief- ly north of 57". and still profess Shamanism to some extent. The Kussians are found in Pe- tropavlovsk, which has the best roadstead of the jieninsula, Verkhne - Kamtchatsk and Xizline- Kamtchatsk, in the valley of the Kamtehatka River, and a few other settlements. The Rus- sians first came into Kamtehatka at the end of the seventeenth century, and founded a number of settlements at the beginning of the following century. In 1803 the peninsula was made a separate administrative divisiim. and in 1855 it was incorporated with the territory of Primossk. of which it still forms a district. Consult: De Benyovsky. .Wr/iioir.s and Trarcis, translated by Nicholson (Xew York, 1803) ; Petermann's Mit- teihnifien (Ootha, 1801); Hamilton, "Kam- chatka," in Scottifih Geofirnphiral Mnqazine, with bibliography, vol. xv. (Edinburgh, 1800) ; Ken- nan, Tent Life in Sihcria (New York, 1870) ; Biish. I'rinrlrrr. Dons, and ffnowshoes (ib., 1871) : Nordenskbild. Voiiaqe of the Vega, translated (London. 1881-85). KANADA, ku-nii'dA (Skt., atom-eater, from Vann, atom -r- ad. to eat) . A celebrated thinker of ancient India, founder of the atomic school, or Vaiseshika system of Hindu philosophy. His name seems originally to have been bestowed upon him as a nickname, but, if so, it has sup-