Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/410

* KAMEN. 37(5 KAMERTJN. KAHEN, kii'mcn. A town of Germany. See Camkn. KAMENETZ-PODOLSK, kanunyt-ts' p6- ilolsk'. ». ajiital nt ihv Kiissian (iovfinnient of Podolia, situated on a peninsula fornieil by the SnioUiteli. an allluent of the Dniester, 235 miles nortlnvest of Odessa (Map: Russia. C 5). It is divided into two parts, one situated on an emi- nence and the other at the foot of the elevation. The town is poorly built, but lias some interestinf; churches. The fortifications were razed in LSKi. There are two theatres, a theological semimiry, a monastery, and two convents. The cununerce and manufactures are insifrnifieant. The town is the seat of a Greek archbishop. Population, in 1807, .'?4,483, of whom over one-third were Jews. Kamenetz-Podolsk was one of the prin- cipal fortresses of Poland. In the seventeenth century it was for a time in the possession of the Tiirks. In 1795, after the third partition of Pol.md, the town became Russian. KAMENZ, kii'm^nts. A town of the Kinfrdom of Saxony, Gennany, situated on the Black Elster, 2i miles northeast of Dresden (Map: (ieruiany, E .3). It has a number of fine churches, a town hall, and a hospital dedicated to the memory of Lessinfr, who was born here in 1729. The chief products of Kamenz are cloth, pottery, and glasswai'e. Population, in 1890, 7700: in 1900, 9726. KAMERTJN, kii'mc-roon. A German colony on the west coast of Central Africa, bounded by Lake Chad on the north, French Congo on the east, French Congo and the Spanish Rio Muni on the south, and the Bight of Biafra and Nigeria on the west (Jlap: Congo Free State, B 1). Area, 190.300 square miles. The narrow coast region, about 200 miles long, is fiat, partly swampy in the southern part, in the north it rises atioiit 13,000 feet in the volcanic mountain group of Kamcrun. Between the coast region and the Hinterland extends an elevated region from 90 to 125 miles in width, covered with impassable forests. The Hinterland, or interior, which has not been fully explored, is a vast grass-covered plateau ranging in altitude from 2000 to 4000 feet aiul assuming a more mountainous character in the north toward Adamawa (q.v.), where it attains an altitude of some 9800 feet. The coun- try is watered by many rivers flowing to the co"a.9t, and, as a rule, interrupted by numerous rapids. The chief of these rivers include the Sanaga, draining the central part of the coun- try, and entering the ocean south of Duala : the K.nmerun. which flows through the mountainous legion of the same name, and is joined at its mouth by the Minigo and a number of other streams: the Njong. south of the Sanaga ; and the Djah, in the .soutliwestcrn part of the colony. The climate is iinhealthfiil on the coast. It is more favorable and agreeable in the interior and in the mountain regions. The average annual temperature on the coast is 77° F., being mod- erated by the spa breezes. The rainfall is ex- tremely heavy, especially in the eonl period from .Tune to September. Storms visit the land at all seasons. The warmest months are March, April, and May. The inhabitants of the interior, especially toward Adamawa, are well advanced in agri- culture. They cultivate large farms of corn, tobacco, manioc, yams, etc. The European plan- tations are confined to the coast region and produce chiefly eaeao, tobacco, coljee. and rice. Only the first two products are raised in suffi- cient quantities for export. In 1900 there were over 7G00 acres in plantations, of which about 7500 acres were under cacao. The devehipment of the colony has so far been very slow, although in niitural resources Kamcrun ranks ])rolialiIy first among the (ierman colonial possessions. One reason for this slow advancement is found in the lack of labor, and in the fact that German au- thority is hardly recognized beyond the coast region. The natives, who under ordinary cir- cumstances would furnish the lU'cessary labor, are reluctant to work on German plantations, on account of the cruelty manifested by indi- vidual planters. Another :ui(l more important leason is that the inhabitants of the Hinterland, the most intelligent in the colony, are still tribu- tary to the Kmir of Yola, and their trade goes mostly to British Nigeria. The military forces niaintained at present in the colony are not sufficient to establish German authority in the interior, and communication between the coast region and the interior is maintained only through the natives. In spite of these unfavor- able circumstances, the trade of the colony is growing, although, as in most German colonics, the imports arc increasing at a faster rate than the exports. The chief exports are rubber, palm oil and kernels, ivor>', cocoa, cola-nuts, and tobac- co. Th3 imports consist largely of textiles, food products, hardware, beverages, instruments, ma- chinery, etc. The exports rose fr<mi .$882,017 in 189(i-9'7 to $1,400,977 in 190001, while the im- ]iorts increased during the same period from .$1,403,190 to .$3,390,313. The ])lnntation prod- ucts, chiefly cacao and tobacco, constituted only one-twelfth of the total exports in 1900-01. The chief seaport is Duala, formerly known as Kamc- run. The shipping amounted in 1900 to about 124,000 tons, over one-half in German vessels. The colony is under the admini'^tration of a Governor appointed by the Crown and assisted by a council of three representative merchants. There are four districts — Duala. Victoria, Edea, and Kribi. The seat of the Government was re- moved, in April, 1901, from Duala to Buea in the Kamcrun chain. The military force of the colony consists of 900 colored troops and 100 whites. There is also a police force of 200 men. There are two public schools with German teach- ers for the natives. The Baptists. Presbyterians, and Catholics are represented tiv missions. Tho budget for 1902-03 was estimated at $1,043,030, including an Imperial subvention of $570,772. The revenue is derived chiefly from customs du- ties. Besides Duala and Buea. the chief settle ments in the coast region are Victoria and Rio del Rev. Duala is connected by cable with Bonny in Nigeria, and thus with Europe. The population of the colony is estimated at 3,500.000. The inhabitants of the coast region and forest regions belong to the Bantu (q.v.) race, and consist of a number of tribes, among which the Duallas are prominent. The Dnallas are engaged in trade and agriculture and do some wood-carving. The inhabitants of the interior are Sudanese, intermingled with Fulahs. In July, 1884, several German nierchnnrs by treaty with the native chiefs of Duallaland ob- tained possession of that region, which they transferred in the same year to the German