Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/408

* KALOUSEK. 374 KAUA. was educated at Prague, wli^re lie became pro- fessor of national history. Jlis works in Czech and German deal mostly with the history of Bohemian law, such as Einiijc (Irundhujcn des lohmixchen Staatsrechts (1870) ; Das bolimische Staatsrcchl (2d ed. 1892) ; and a treatise on tile Hoheinian law of inheritance (18!)4j. More purely liisliirical are: Hchaiidliin;/ dcr (Irsckiclitc Prem'tisl Oltokars (1874) ; Iicyiii Bokemiw Map- pa Hinloriralis (2(1 ed. 1894) ; and Documenta et lieyislra t'ivitatis Albm Aijuw. KALPA, kiil'pa (Skt., period of time, ritual, from Icalp, to be iittinp;). In Hindu chronology', a day of Brahma, which, acc(irdiii<,' to Indian be- lief, is a periml of 4,:i20,0,00years of mortals, and measures the duration of the world. This kalpa consists of a thousand mahfn/ugas, or great ages, each of which is divided into four yugas, called, in chronological order, Krta. Trcta, Dva- para. and Kali. The Kali is the sliortest and last yuqa. and comprises 432.(100 solar years; the Dvapara is double in length, the Trcta triple, and the Krta quadruple. The golden age was in the Krtayuga, but in succeeding ages a steady degeneration took iilacc, until the Kaliyuga, of which the present time forms a part. See Kali- TUGA. KAXPA-SUTKA, kal'pa sfTo'tra (Skt.. ritual manual). In Vedic literature, the name of those Sanskrit works which treat of the ceremonial referring to the performance of a Vedic sacrifice. (See Veda and Suti!.. where books of reference are mentioned.) In Jaina literature it is the name of the most sacred religious work of the Jainas. (See Jainis.m.) This latter book is chiefly occupied with the legendary history of Mahavira, the last of their twenty-four deified saints, or Tirthankaras. but it contains also an account of four other saints of the same cla.ss. The author was Bhadra Bahu, and the work was composed apparently in the seventh century A.D. Consult: Stevenson, The Kiilpn-Si'itrn and yava Tatvn (I^ondon, 1848) : .Tacobi, The Kajpa- si'itra of Uluidrahahu (Leipzig, 187!)) ; Weber, fiacred lAteraUire of the Jains, translated by Smyth (Bombay, 189.3). KALPI, kfil'pi'. A city of British India. See Calpee. KALTENBORN", kal'tcn-born, Franz (I8G5 — ). A (JcrMuni-American musician, born at Uomburg. Cermany. When five years old he was brought to New York, and thcTC studied music. After having played the violin in snuic of the principal oivhestras. he founded the Kiiltcnborn String QuaHet (1890). and the Kaltenborn Sextet (1897). In 1899 he began a series of summer orchestral concerts, which met with popular favor. KALTENBORN-STACHAU, stiic'ou, Hans Karl Georg vox ( 18.36-98) . A Prussian general, bom at Magdeburg, and educated for the army. He was a member of the topographical corps in 1861: fought in the campaigns againsl Denmark and Austria ; and served as ma jor in the Fr;inco- Prussian War. He was promoted rapidly, and was made a lieutenant-general in 1888. In 1890 he succeeded Verdy :is ^finistcr of War, and car- ried through successfully the ])rogramme of two years' seirice and an increase of the regular forces by seventy thousand. He retired in 1893. KALTENBRTTNNER, kal'trnbrun'nPr. Karl Adam (1804-67). An Austrian poet, born at Enns. He was long connected with the Govern- ment printing establishment at Vienna. His poems, in dialect, include: Ubdviensische Lieder (1845-48); Die drci Tannen, a very successful drama (1862); and, from his manuscripts, Ob der A'jtHs und Austria, and (Jcschiclitoi ans Ohvriislvrrrwh (1880). KALUGA, ka-loTi'gA. A governmciit of Great Russia, bouiulcd by the Government of iMoscow on the north, Tula on the east, Orel on the south, and .Smolensk on the west. Area. 11,942 square miles (Map: Kussia. K 4). It has a Hat sur- face and the soil is mostly sandy. The chief river is the Oka. which traverses Kaluga for about 200 miles. Agriculture is the chief industry and hemp the chief agricultural product. The out- put of cereals is hardly sullicient to meet the domestic demand. Kaluga has vast forests, which are exploited to some extent. The manu- facturing industries are rapidly developing. The chief manufactures are jjajier, leather, spirits, matx'hes, and inJii products. The commerce is also important and is carried on to a. large ex- tent lb rough the Oka River. Population, in 1897, 1,18.'). 700. t'.ipit:il, Kaluga. KALUGA. (';ipi(al of the Russian govern- ment of the same name, situated on the left bank of the Oka, 95 miles southwest of Moscow ( Jlap: Russia, E 4). It has numerous churches, a convent, and a theological seminary. There are extensive manufacturing establishments of leather and s;iil-clotli. The commerce is of con- siderable iiii]i(n-tance. and is carried on mostly with Saint l*cl<'rsburg and the Baltic ports through the Oy.:, the Volga, and the Neva. Popu- lation, in 1889, 40.500; in 1897, 49,700. During 1859-68 the town was the residence of Shamyl. KAMA, kii'iiu'i. A river of Russia, the prin- cipal atiUient of the Volga. It rises in the east- ern part of the Government of Vyatka, flows at first north, and then, passing into the Govern- ment of Perm, turns southwest and generally maintains that direction down to its coniluence with the Volga, about 40 miles south of Kazan (Map: Russia, H .3). Its total length is 1170 miles, and it is navigable from the mouth of the Visherka, 760 miles. Its principal navigable tributaries ai-e the Visberka, Tchiissovaya, and Byelaya from the left and the ^'yatka from the right. In the spring the Kama increases to several times its ordinary- width, flooding the adjacent country. The Kama is very ricli in fish, especially salmon. It is ice-free for over 200 days in the year. The traflic is very extensive, the princijial article of trade lioing timber. The Kama is connected by a canal with a tributary of the Dvina, thus forming a part of the great waterway connecting the Caspian with the White Sea. kAmA, or KAMADEVA, ka'mA-dil'va. The Hindu Cupid or god of love. He was the son of Brahma according to some Sanskrit legends, or of Dharma, Virtue, according to others. On one occasion when trying to tempt Siva, who was undergoing extraordinary acts of asceticism, Kama was reduced to ashes by a flashing gleam fnmi the third eye of the enraged god. (See Siva.) This is one of the reasons why Kama is known as 'the limbless god' in Hindu poetrj'. His wife Rati (voluptuousness) was so grieved at his loss that Siva became touched by her sor- row and promised that Kama should be born