Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/407

* KALMIA. 373 KALOUSEK. on the Alleghany Mountains. It grows to the height of thirty feet and the wood is very hard. It is narcotic and dangerous; the leaves are poisonous to many animals, and the honey of the flowers possesses noxious properties. A de- coction of the leaves, it is claimed, has been used with advantage in cutaneous diseases. Kalinia angustifolia, sheep-laurel, sheepkill, lambkill, or wicky, is a common species from Newfoundland to Georgia. Its leaves are nar- rower, its flowers smaller and more crimson than those of the previous species, and are pale or whitish underneath. It possesses the same prop- erties as the foregoing. Kahnia cuneata and Kalmia hirsuta. deciduous species, occur from >.orth Carolina southward. KAi'MTJCKS, or CALMUCKS (Tatar Kha- limnk, reneg.ideK A western branch of the Mon- gol race, inhabiting chiefly the eastern part of Tibet around Koko-nor and East Turkestan, the vestem part of the Russian Government of Astra- khan, and the Province of the Don Cossacks. Their total number is estimated at 600.000. of whom above two-thirds are found in the Chinese Empire. They are generally divided into four tribes : the Khoshots, found chiefly around Koko- nor and in the Kalmuck Steppe along the right bank of the Volga, in the Government of Astra- khan; the Dzungars. once inhabiting Sungaria (named after them), which they left after the conquest of that province by China in the eigh- teenth century; the Derbets. found chiefly in the Kalmuck Steppe and the Province of the Don Cossacks: and the Torgots, formerly the chief Kalmuck trilie in Russia, of which, however, only a small portion has remained, the majority hav- ing returned to Chinese territory in 1771. In his pure state the Kalmuck is short of stature but stocky, with a large head covered with straight black hair, a flat round face ith narrow, slanting eyes, high cheek-bones, and a flat nose with round nostrils. The complexion is swarthy, and the chin is covered only with a scanty growth. In height the Kalmucks average 1.650 m., and their ce- phalic index, or ratio of head-width to head- length, is 86.7. The Kalmucks of Russia are, with a few exceptions, Buddhists and nomadic, in spite of the numerous attempts on the part of the Rus- sian Government to convert them into agricul- turists. They live in tents (kibitkas), which are grouped into aymaks and uluses, the former being governed by elected and the latter by hereditary chiefs. Prior to the reforms of 1892 the lower classes were tributary to the hereditary chiefs, but in that year all class privileges were abolished, and the Kalmucks were placed directly under the rule of the Russian Government, whose authority, hon-ever. is manifested only in the exaction of an annual tax of six rubles per kibitka. The Kalmucks of the Province of the Don Cossacks are gradually being assimilated and are subject to the same military obligations as the Cossacks. The Khoshots first made their appearance in European Russia in the seven- teenth century, and were joined in the following century by the Torgots after their expulsion from Sungaria. In 1771 the Kalmucks living east of the Volga (mostl.v Torgots). partly provoked by the oppressive treatment of the Russian Govern- ment and ])artly in the hope of reconquering Sungaria, started eastward to the number of 169.000 and reached Sungaria after eight montlia of indescribable hardships, resulting in the loss of over one-half of their number. Finding Sungaria still occupied by Chinese troops, they surrendered to the Chinese Government and were established in East Turkestan. KALNOKY, kal'no-kl. Gustav, Count ( 1832- 98). An Austro-Hungarian statesman, born at Lettowitz. Moravia. He entered the diplomatic service in 185-1 and was attached to the legations at Munich. Berlin, and London. In 1871 he was temporarily in charge of the Austrian Embassy at Rome, and from 1874 to 1879 he was Minister to Copenhagen. In 1880 he was made Ambassador to Saint Petersburg. In the following year he took the post of ^linister of Foreign Affairs of Austria-Hungarv', made vacant by the death of Baron Ha'merle. His policy was directed toward strengthening the friendly relations with Russia. He resigned his post in May, 1895, in consequence of a conflict with the Hungarian Premier, Baron Banff'y, regarding ecclesiastical affairs in Hun- gary, and died February 13, 1898. KALOCSA, kolo-cho. A town of Hungary, situated near the left bank of the Danube. 100 miles by rail south of Budapest (ilap: Hungarj', V 3). It has a large archiepiscopal palace or castle, an attractive cathedral, a library of 30,000 %-olumes. a g;imnasium, a teachers' seminary, and an astronomical observatory. Population, in 1900. 11.380, mostly Magyar Catholics, who are chiefly engaged in the fisheries on the Danube, and in the breeding of cattle. KALOG. The great Alaskan sculpin (Jlyoxo- cephalus). It J, to 2'^ feet long. See Scrxpix. KALONG (East Indian name). A fruit-eat- ing bat. See Fox-B.T. KALOTJSEK, kalTJo-shek. .Joseph (1838—). A Bohemian historian, bom at Wamberg. He