Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/404

* KALERGIS. 370 KALILAH AND DIMNAH. favor and resigned. In 18(il he was sent as Am- Ijassador to PnriSj and took an important part in the negotiations which obtained the Greek throne for Uiorge of Denmark. KALE SXJLTANIE, kii-la' snltii'n.'-fi'. A town 111 Asiatii' Tuikcy. See Chanak-Ivalessi. KALEVALA, kii'lAvii'hu See Finnish Lan- GfAliK AM) LiTKUATlHE. KALEVIPOEG, ka-la'vi-piki (Esthon., son of Kalev). The representative epic poem of the Esthonians. Like the Finnisli Kalevala, this epic i^ based upon popular songs, which were collected by Krcutzwald (1857-59) in the form in wliiih they are now known. Unfortunately, the material "used by the editor was destroyed. and it is impossible to determine how nnieh of the poem is the real product of folk fancy. The text, with Ocrnian translation, is found in Kalciiipoen. fine cslnixchc Sd'ic, trans, by Ucin- thal (Dorpat. 18.57-tll). KALGAN, kiil-gan' (Mongol, Barrier), or in Chinese Chang-kia K'oir, from the name of the gate in the Great Wall near by. A walled city in the ('liinese Province of Pe-chi-li, situated about 130 miles northwest of Peking, a short distance south of the fircat Wall; latitude 40° 50' North; longitude 114° 54' East: 2810 feet above the level of the sea (Maji: China. D 3). Lying on the main route across ilongolia from Peking to Kiakhta in Siberia, it is a very im- portant centre of the overland tea trade and does an immense business with the Mongols. Its chief product is Eoda. Like all great trading cities of China, its suburbs are quite extensive. Populatirai estimated at 70.000. including a number of Russian merchants and several mis- sionaries. The valley in which it stands is well cultivated and contains many populous vil- lages. KALGTJYEV, kiil-goo'yev. An island in the Arctic Ocean. Sec KoLGUYEV. KALHANA, k;"il'hi'i-ni. A Sanskrit author, famous as having written the chronicle history of Kaslimir, known as lU'ijatnrangini (q.v.). KALI, kJi'le. (1) One of the names of Par- ati. especially in Southern India and Bengal. Under tliis title, she is represented as of hideous aspect with bloody and protruding teeth, wearing a necklace of skulls, girded with a serpent, bear- ing a club in her hand and standing on the body of"her husband Siva. She has a famous shrine near Calcutta. She is worshiped with bloody sacrifices, sometimes of human beings. Kali is the goddess of epidemics, and of cholera in particular. (2) In the story of Nala and Damayanti. the personification of the die. who caused Xala to lose all his possessions in the game of dice with his brother Puskara. KALIDASA, kii'lcdii'sa. The name of the greatest dramatic and lyric poet of India, and one of the foremost poets of the world. lie is best kno to Western fame as author of the beautiful play ftakiintnh'i. but he is entitled to lasting renown also through his other poetical vvorksT The precise date at which he lived is subject to much discussion. Hindu tradition places him as early as the first century n.r.. but mo.st Occidentals have found reasons for believing that he lived as late as the sixth century- A.n., although the tendency at present is inclined to place him earlier than this latter date, but not as early as the traditional date. The whole question is connected with the era of King 'ik- rama, or Vikraraaditya, in whose time he flour- ished and at whose court in Ujjain he was one of the "nine gems.' Legends regarding Kalidasa are still preserved at this ancient city, which was once a famous capital and literary centre in King Vikrama's Augustan age. See Vikbama ; U.T.IA1N. As a dramatist Kalidasa was the author of three plays. The most famous of these. Siilani- ialu, or Kecognition of Sakunlalfi by the Ring, arcnised the interest of literary Europe and an enthusiastic panegyric from (ioetHt when it was first translated by Sir William .Jones in 1780. Tlic second play, ViKiamorvaii, is a dramatic and romantic episode of the rescue of a nymph by the heroic king with whom she falls deci)ly in love. J>ess impcn-tant is the tliird drama. Mrihinl.a (did Afliiimilrri, or the incicU-ut of a king's love for a dancing girl who turns out to be a princess in disguise. Kalidasa's lyrical masterpiece is the Mi'l/hri-duld, or Cloud ilcssenger, in which a cloud is made the envoy of an absent lover to his distant sweetheart. The liilii-sdmliara is a poem on the changes of the Indian year. Two artificial I)oems were also composed l)y this gifted San- skrit poet: the Kiiiniira-Sditihlitira. or Birth of the War God. in eighteen cantos, and the I'dfihu- Vdm.sd, or Line of iiaglui. in praise of llic lineage of the great hero Rama. Prince of India. (See the articles under these titles.) There are also some other poetical compositions ascribed to Kalidasa, but they are probably not genuine or are of doubtful authenticity. The literary merit of Kalidasa's work is un- questioned. His artistic form is masterful; his fancv is rich and luxuriant, and his feelings true and "tender. For details regarding Kalidasa's date and life, consult: Bhao Daji "On the San- skrit Poet. K;'ilid;'isa." in the Journal of the Bomhdii Branch of the Ttojidl Afsiatic Societi/ (Bond)ay. 1800) : Huth, i»«s Zeiialter des Kali- (lam (Berlin. 1802) : Nandargikar. Mcfihadutu of Kaliddsd. Introduction ( Bondjay, 1894 ). Edi- tions and translations of Kalidasa are numerous; consult the list given for the dramas by Schuyler, Journal of the American Orirntdl f^ocietii, vol. xxii. (Xcw Haven, 1901). The Hafiuntala has been rendered into nmre than a dozen difTercnt modern languages. Among the English versions mav be mentioned those by Sir William .Tones, Sacountala, or the Fatal Iting (Calcutta. 1789; London, 1790. 1870) : Monier-Williams. ffakun- tala. or the Lost Ring (fith ed.. London, 1890) ; Edgren. ^hdkuntala. or the Recovered Ring (New York. 1891) ; for a bibliography of K/ilidasa's lyric and narrative poems, with a discussion of liis date, Macdonell. Uiatory of Sanskrit Litera- ture (New York, 1900). KALIDE, kil-lA'dc, "TiiEonoR (1801-63). A Genuan sculptor, horn at Kiinigshiitte, Silesia. He was a pupil of Schadow and afterwards of Ranch. His groups of figures and animals com- bined .ire the most successful of his works; they include "Child and Swan" (for the Schlossgarten in Charlottenburg) . and his masterpiece "Bac- chante on a Panther." in the National Gallery, Berlin. He also sculptured the "Dying Lion" on the Scharnhorst Monument in Berlin. KALILAH (ka-lC'la) AUD DIMNAH, dim'- nh. See BinPAi.