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* KAINITE. 365 KAISEB. account of its potassium constituent, and is extensively employed as a fertilizer. KAINOZOIC, kl'no-zo'ik. See Cexozoic. KAINZ, kints, Joseph ( 1858 — ). An Austrian actor, born at Wieselburg, in Hungary. He first appeared on the stage in Vienna in 1873; played three years at the Court Theatre at Munich ; and in 1883 was engaged by the German Theatre in Berlin. He returned to Vienna in 1899. He visited America several times, and married Sara Hutzler (1853-93), an author, born in Saint Louis, ilo. His more important roles were Eomeo; Jlortimer, in Schiller's ilaria Stuart; Ferdinand in the same author's Kabale und Liebe; and Alceste, in ilolifere's Misanthrope. Kainz adapted Byron's Sardanapalus for the Ger- man stage in 1897. Consult Gregori, Joseph Kaiii: (Berlin, 1900). KAI-PING, kl'ping'. A small town in the Province of Pechi-K, China, lying 80 miles north- east of Tientsin, in latitude 30° 30' North and longitude 118° 10' East. It is of note only as being the centre of a coal-field, though the coal is not of the best quality, and is used only aa a steam coal. The mines have been worked under foreign superintendence and with foreign appliances for some years. In 1890 the output exceeded 700,000 tons. The mines are con- nected bj- rail with Peh-tang, on the Pei-ho, a distance of 40 miles. At first only a tramway, with mules to haul the cars, was permitted by Chinese conservatism, but in 1881 steam was permitted. This was tlie first real railway in China. Later it was extended to Tientsin, thence to Pao-ting-fu, the capital of the province, to Peking, and northeast to Shan-hai-kwan. where it connects with the railways of Liao-tung and Man- churia generally, and through them with the Trans-Siberian Piailway. About 9000 persons are employed in the mines. KAIRA, kl'ra. The capital of a district of the same name in the Xorthern Division, Bom- bay, British India (il.np: India. B 4). near the confluence of the two small rivers Watruk and Seree. seven miles south of Ahniedabad. It is surrounded by a wall with bastions. The streets are narrow and irregular, but have fine houses and public buildings, including a beauti- fully can'ed Jain temple, large Anglican church, a court-house of Doric architecture, a clock tower, library, and reading-room. Extant evi- dence shows the existence of the city in the fifth centun'. while its foundation is supposed to date from 1400 B.C. Population, in 1901, 10,100. KAIRWAN, kir-wan' (Ar. kairuwan. from the Persian knraican, caravan, or resting-place). A town in Tunis, 30 miles southwest of Susa (with which it is connected by rail), and about 80 miles south of the city of Tunis. It is situ- ated in a treeless plain, covered in part by salt marshes, some distance west of a stream flowing south to Sedi el-Heni Lake (Jlap: Africa, E 1). About A.D. 670 the ^Mohammedan General Ukbah, after having conquered Xorthern Africa, selected a site in the midst of a dense forest, then infested by wild beasts and reptiles, as the location of a military post. It was to keep in check the Berber hordes, and was selected far from the sea in order to avoid danger of attack. This 'resting-place' soon developed into a city, which the fertility of the region made celebrated for its olive groves and luxuriant gardens. Fifteen years after its founding it was besieged by an overwhelming force of Berbers, and fell into their hands after Lkbah had been killed in battle. It was later recaptured, and though more than once besieged remained for four centuries the 'holy city,' the Mecca of Xorthern Africa. In the tenth century the city was embellished by the Aghlabites; later it suffered considerably from the rivalry of Mahdiyyah, and then of Timis : but in the eleventh century, as the capital of the Siride Muizz, was still famous for its wealth and prosperity. About the middle of that century, however, the Fatimites of Egypt instigated the Eg^-ptian Bedouins to invade this part of Africa; Kairwan, attacked and taken, was so utterly de- stroyed that it never afterwards regained its former position ; it continued, nevertheless, to be the centre of theological study. In 1881 it was taken by the French without much difficulty, though much opposition had been expected from the religious zealots. It was then newly fortified and made the capital of a 'contrOle civil.' It is surrounded by a high brick wall, pierced by five main gateways, and surmounted by tow- ers ; the circuit is about 3500 yards, and almost forms a hexagon. L'ntil the French occupation access to the city was difficult for non-Moham- medans ; but visitors at present have little trouble in entering even the mosques. There are about eighty ecclesiastical structures : numer- ous tombs of saints and warriors, for the dead are brought from afar to be buried in the 'holy city;' and about thirty mosques, of which six are important ones, 'The L'kbah mosque, which was rebuilt in 827, is in the northern section of the city, and is one of the most magnificent and sacred in Islam, being considered one of the four gates of Paradise, It contains about 430 antique Roman columns of marble, granite, and porphyry, with horseshoe arches ; the ceiling is flat, of dark wood : in the centre of the immense court, which is surrounded by a double colonnade, is a marble fountain over the sacred well, which is supposed to communicate with the Zemzem at Mecca; the mihrab is tiled; the sanctuary double, with ten arches in one direction and seventeen in the other. The chief manufactures of the place to-day are copper utensils, carpets, morocco leather, oil of roses, saltpetre, and potash; the handsome bazaars are well stocked, though noth- ing is exported. Population, in 1896, 26,000, includinc that of seven populous suburbs. KAISARIEH, ki'sa-reV. A town of Asiatic Turkey, situated in the Vilayet of Angora, a short distance from Mount Arg.ieus, and 160 miles southeast of Angora (Map: Turkey in Asia, F 3). It has narrow and crooked streets, and is partly surrounded by walls. There are a mosque, dating from 1238. and extensive bazaars. The chief occupation of the inhabitants is trade, for which the city is well adapted on account of its location. Kaisarieh is the seat of a Greek bishon, an Armenian archbishop, and a Roman Catholic bishop. In the town are also a high school, a kindergarten, and an American mission. Population, estimated at 72.000, Kaisa- rieh occupies the site of the ancient Caesarea, in Cappadocia, KAISEB, kl'zer (OHG, keisur. AS. casere, OS. kfsnr. Goth, kaisar, Gk. Kcutrap. kaisar. em- peror, from Lat. CiFsnr. referring especially to Gains Julius Cs'sar). The German equivalent for Emperor. Under the early Roman Empire the