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* JUVENILE OFFENDERS. 356 JUXON. were in 1901 Go refoniiatoiios in the United btates for juveniles, with an average attendance of 19,410. Since their establishment 210,000 children have been taught by them. The latest development in the treatment of the juvenile otTender is the introduction of special ■juvenile courts.' The average police court with its crowd of loafers has long been considered anythifig but elevating in its tone. In the great volume of work the magistrate could not, if he would, give proper attention to children's cases. Massachusetts led the way by having juvenile cases heard apart from others. Careful investiga- tions were also made in advance, that the judge might know the family history and environment of the child. Jul}' 1, 1899, a special court was opened at Chicago before which are now tried all cases of dependent, neglected, and delinquent chil- dren of the county. One judge of the Circuit Court has charge. He is given wide option in disposing of the children. Private individuals and associations actively cooperate to secure the best results. Similar courts have since been es- tablished in Saint Louis, Philadelphia, New York, and other cities. The probation system is also spreading into smaller communities where special courts are not needed. Illinois, Pennsylvania, and other States now forbid the commitment of any child under twelve years of age to any jail or its detention in police stations. The progress of the last half-century may be summed up as follows; (1) The idea of crime is_ set aside. The child is not a criminal. (2) The treatment should be educational, not punitive. A further step has been taken. It is recognized that prevention is easier tlian reformation. Ira- proved sanitation, housing refonn, compulsory school attendance, with tniant schools for those who do not attend regularl.y. the development of home life, and similar measures occupy prominent places in the thoughts of all who ai'e interested in juvenile oflfenders. BliJLlOGBAPiiY. Morrison, Juvenile Offenders (New York, 1H97) ; Henderson, Ucpendcnts, De- fectives, Delinquents (Boston, 1901) ; Folks, Core of Dependent, eylectcd, and Delinquent Children (New York, 1901); The lieformatory System of the United States (Washington, 1901). See KEFOHilATOHIKS ; PeXOI.Oi.V. JUVENILE REFORMATION. See Jl-e- XILE OlIENDEItS ; PE.NOUMiY. JUVEN'TAS (Lat., youth). The goddess of youth in Konum mythology, whose shrine was in the eclla of Jlinera in the Temple of .Jupiter, on the Capitol. When a Konum youth became of age he brought an offering to .lupiter on the Capital and paid a small tax to .Juventas. Later (c,218 B.C.) the Greek Hebe was introduced to Home under this name, and it was to her that the Temple of .Juventas, near the Circus Jla.imu8, was dedicated (n.c. 191). JUX'ON, William (1.582-1003). An Arch- bishop of Canterbury and Lord High Treasurer of England. He was born at Chichester; was educated at Saint .John's College, Oxford ; and became vicar at Saint (iiles's, Oxford, in 1009, and rector of Somerton in 1014. In 1021 he be- came president of Saint .John's College, anil in 1020 vice-chancellor. In 1028 he was made Dean of Worcester; in 1033 Bishop of Hereford and of London; and in 1035 Lord High Treasurer. He was patronized by Archbishop Laud, in wJiose views and policies he generally shared, without loss of popularit}'. In the Civil War he ad- hered to Charles I., and was his constant and valued adviser. He attended the King at his trial and execution ; was deprived of his bishop- ric after the death of Charles; and was im- prisoned for refusing to reveal what the Iving had intrusted to him. After the Restoration in 1000 he was made Archbishop of Canterbury. Juxon was prominent in the restoration of Saint Paul's.