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* JUS PRIMiE NOCTIS. 346 JTJSSIEU. off the jus ]>rim(V noctis. It must be remem- bered, however, that the Koman Catliolic Church would hardly have tolerated this custom, since it demanded continence the first night on the part of a newly wedded couple, and often en- forced it for even lonj^cr i)eriods of time. There has been a long dispute concerning the whole matter, for which consult: De Labcssade, Le Droit du .S'dV/Hf»r (Paris, 1878); K. J. L. Schmidt, Jus jiriiinr noclis, cine gtschichtliclie Untersucliuny (Freiburg im Breisgau, 1881). JUS RELIC'T.ffi (Lat., right of a widow). In Scotch huv, the right of a widow to a share in the movable or personal property of her de- ceased husband. This is a vested or absolute right, and cannot be defeated by the husband's will, hence the movable estate of husband and wife is called 'goods in communion,' because, on the death of the husband, there is a. division of such goods between the widow, the children, and next of kin of the deceased. If the deceased husband leaves children, the goods in communion are divided into three equal ]iarts, one of which belongs to the widow. If, on the other hand, there are no surviving children or grandchildren, then the goods are divided into two equal shares, one of which belongs to the widow. When the hus- band dies insolvent, the wife cannot claim her jus reliclw in preference to the creditors. Though the widow has this right to her jus reliclw at com- mon law, yet if slio entered into an antenuptial contract by virtue of which she accepted an equivalent provision, her right may be defeated, provided the contract expressly stated the one to be in substitution for the other. In England there is no such absolute right of a widow to a share of a husband's goods, unless he died in- testate, in which case she gets a similar share of the personal estate by virtue of the statute of distributions. As to the corresponding right of the wife in England and America to the real property of her husband, see Dower ; Jointube. JUSSERAND, zhii's'-riiN', Jean Adbien An- TOIXE Jules (ls.55 — ). A French scholar, bom at Lyons. He entered the diplomatic service in 1870, and held several important positions, es- pecially in England. In 1902 he became French Ambassador at Washington. His works, some of which deal with English literary subjects, in- clude: Le thiutre en Angleterre depuis la con- gu^te jusqu'aux prMfcesscurs immidiats de Shakespeare (1878) ; Lcs Anr/lais au moyen age (1884). which was crowned by the Academy, and translated into English bv Lucy T. Smith as English Wat/faring Life in the Middle Ages (I8S9) ; Le ronim anglais (ISSfi) ; Le roman au temps dc fihakespcare (1888) ; LVpofi^'e mystique de William Lnngland (1803); and Histoire lit- i&raire du peuple anglais des origincs a la renais- sance (1S04). JUSSIEU, zhn'si'-e'. The name of a family which for more than a century and a half has numbered among its members some of the first botanists of their age. — Antoine de Jussieu (1686-1758). He was born in Lyons. He suc- ceeded Tournefdrt in 170S as professor at the Jardin du Roi. and published various works on anatomy, zoiilogy. and botany, among them an Appendix to Tonrnefnrt (Lyons. 1710). He made several journeys to foreign countries to collect plants, on which occasions he was accompanied by his younger brother, Bernard, who cooperated with him as his assistant. — Bernard de Jussieu ( l(i",)'J-177U) was born in l>yons. lie obtained the degree of jVI.D. at Alont|)ellier in 1720, an<l at I'aris, 1726 ; succeeded S. Vaillent as demonstrator of botany in the Jardin du Koi, 1722. and pub- lished various works on zoiilogy and botany, which at the time were considered valuable. In a brief manuscript, which lie forwarded to Liniueus dur- ing his incumbency as superintendent of the gardens at Uie I'etit-Trianon, to which position he was ajipointed in 1750, lie laid the f(Jimdation of the uatur;il method of plant classification wlirch was more fully elaborated by his nephew, Antoine Laurent. — .Jo.sEi'ii UE Jlssieu (1704- 79), brother of Antoine and Bern;ird. was edu- caleil for medicine, but l)ecame a learned botanist and noted engineer. In 17.'i5 he accompanied an expeilition to Peru, and st;iyed in South Amer- ica collecting natural history specimens until 1771, when he returned to France, having lost the greater part of his collection. He intro- duced the heliotrope into France. — Antoine Laurent de Jussieu (1747-1830) was born in Lj'ons, and ridily deserved the heritage left to him by his learned and disinterested rela- tives. At the age of seventeen he began liis botanical studies under his uncle Bernanl, and four years later was nominated demonstrator and assistant to Lenionnir, the professor of botany in the Jardin du Roi. He at once began to re- form the arrangement of the gardens and collec- tions of plants under his charge, and to apply to thein his own and his uncle's ideas in regard to the natural method. For thirty years he con- tinued to develop his novel views; and when hia Genera I'lanturum, which he began in 1778, was finally completed in 1780. the natural system was finall.v established as the true basis of botanical classification. In 1703 he became professor of botan.y in the newly organized Jardin des Plantes, where he continued to teach till 1820, when blindness compelled him to resign his chair to his son Adrien. During his -tenure of ofTice he founded the library of the museum, which is one of the best in Europe. His papers in the A nnales du Museum (from 1804-20), and his articles in the Dictionnuirc des Sciences yaturcllcs, rank among the most valuable contributions to the literature of botany, and embody all the result of his own investigations. — Adbien de Jussieu (1797-1853) was born in Paris. For the degree of A.M. which he obtained in 1824. he presented a memoir of the Euphorbiaceoe which attracted wide attention and was followed by equally important monographs upon the Rutaceir. Mcliaceie. and Malpigliiacea>. His Embryo of the Monocotyledons (1844) was to have been followed by a series of papers on similar subjects, but ill health com- pelled him to relinquish this project. He was also prevented by the same cause from extending his Cours elementairc de hotaniguc (1848) into n complete and general treatise. This was trans- lated into other European languages. In 1831 he was elected a member of the .cademv. and shortly before his death was nominated to the presidency of that body. He contributed many valuable papers to the Annates du Mus<'um. the Comptes Kcndus. and the Dietionnaire vniverscl d'histoirc naturellc and other publications on natural sciences. His influence as a lecturer was of great importance. JUSSIEU, Lairext Pierre de (1702-1866). A French educational writer and moralist,