Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/360

* JUNGHUHN. 332 JUNG-STILLING. JUNGHUHN, yoong'hoou, Fka.nz Wiliielm llSU'J-li4;. A (Jeriiiau iiliysitiaii and iialuralisl, bom at ilansfeld. He studied iiiediciiiu, bolauy, and geologj- at Halle and Ueilin; eoniiiieiiced his professional eareer as a surgeon in the Prus- sian Army; afterwards joined the French forces in Algeria, and finally settled in Java. In the latter country he made valuable researches into the geological, geographical, and botanical re- sources of the land, and his published works on the subject are highly prized. He visited Europe in 1S40. but returned to Batavia, where he died. His principal works include: Java, seine (Jcslalt, Pflanzendecke und inncre liauart (1852-54) ; Die BatlaluHilir in l^iiiiialra (1847). -V description of his collection of fossil plants, Planlw Jung- huhnianic (1S51 et seq.), was undertaken by several naturalists. JUNGLE (Hindi jangal, from Skt. jangala, desert). A term eniploj-ed to designate those often almost inipassalile thickets of trees, shrubs, and reeds whieli abound generally upon swampy land in many parts of India, and particu- larly in the unhealthy tract called Terai or Tarayani, along the southern base of the Hima- laj-as, and in the Sunderliunds at the mouth of the Ganges. The jungle flora and fauna are very peculiar; tigers and other beasts of prey, ele- phants, boars, deer, monkeys, and other quad- rupeds, with gigantic snakes, are found in gre.at numbers in these thickets. The moisture and heat carry a tropical vegetation beyond its usual limits northward to the lower valleys of the Himalaya. JUNGLE BOOK, The. Stories for children, by Rudyard Kipling, published in Huint Xicholas, and collected in two volumes in 1804 and 1895. It tells the adventures of a wild boy, Mowgli, in the jungles of India, who shared the life of the animals, and it shows a marvelous comprehen- sion of the forest and of beasts. JUNGLE CAT, or CHAUS. A well-known wild cut il'tlia or Cluins ilmix) of India, met with in all forested parts from Ceylon to an elevation of 8000 feet on the Himalayas. It is about 26 inches long, and has a tail 9 or 10 inches long. In color it is yellowish-gray, more or less dark and unspotted, and becoming red- dish on the sides of the neck and abdomen: a dark stripe runs from the eyes to the muzzle, and there are obscure bars on the limbs and tail : the cars are reddish-black outside, white inside, and slightly tufted. A whitish-brown spotted cat {Felis ornata) of the same region is sometimes called the 'ornate jungle cat.' Both species in- terbreed with domestic cats. See Cat; and Plate of WiU) Cats. JUNGLE FEVEB. Pernicious malarial fever of the East Indian jungles. It was probably first named and described by English colonists in India, who fell victims to it. .lungle fever is a tropical malaria due to infection with the aestivo- autumnal parasite. Travelers or new residents are more likely to suffer from it than natives. Its s-mptoms are grave prostration, impaired memory, somnolence, severe headache, disturbed vision, stupor, and delirium, with a fever of intermittent tj-pe. Fatal collapse may occur in three days, the fever ceasing in a few hours, or a second and third attack may follow. 0"'nine is the most successful drug in the treatment of jungle fever. Sec ILvlaria. JUNGLE FOWL. A typical gallinaceous bird ul the East Indian genus (jallus, regarded us the source of our domestic fowls. Four spe- cies are known — one ((lullim uurius) in Java and the islands eastward; another (Gallus Ulanleyi) in Ceylon; a third, the 'gray' {(Jaltus Sonneiuti) ; and fourlli, the red jungle fowl t,ecies strongly resembles in plumage the modern black-breasted game fowl, and this is especially true of the variety found in the Malay Peninsula, where, according to tradition, fowls were first domesti- cated. From that country, it is believed, they were taken to China and domesticated, thereby forming the original barnyard poultry. These wild game fowls live in the forests, not gi-e- gariuusly, but in pairs or small parties, but often come out to feed in cultivated fields, and show themselves strong (liers and fast runners. They eat almost everything, and their flesh is excellent. According to Stejneger, the cocks crow and the bens cackle and cluck in much the manner of domestic fowls, JUNGLE GHAU, or 0.x. A variety of the gayal ( q,v. ), inhabiting Sylhet and other moun- tainous parts of the northeast of India. JUNGLE SHEEP. A sportsman's name for the goat like aiiiiuiil of the Himalayan region (Hemitragus hglocrius). It is called 'warri-atu' by the Tamils, and 'Xilgiri ibe.K' by English sportsmen, JUNGMANN, yoong'mfln, JozEF Jakob ( 177.3- 1S47). A Czech philologist, born at Hud- litz, Bohemia. He studied philosophy and law in Prague, taught at the Gymnasium at l^it- meritz from 1799 to 1815, and thereafter at the Altstadter (Jymnasium in Prague, of which he was rector from 1835 until 1845, when he retired. He contributed greatly to the revival of the Czech national sentiment, and especially to the intellectual reawakening of his people after a protracted period of inactivity. In order to demonstrate the capabilities of the Czech tongue, he first undertook the translation of some masterpieces of foreign literatures, the most notable of which was that of Milton's Paradise Lost, begun in 1800 and published in 18II, This was followed by Chateaubriand's Atala (18051, and Goethe's Hermann und Dorothea. With Johann Presl he founded in 1821 the Krolc. the first scientific periodical in the Czech language. His next important work was a llistorij of the Czech Literature and Language (1825). but the crowning effort of his life was the .SVorniA- ( 18.35- 39), a complete dictionary- of the Czech lan- guage, for which he had collected the material for more than thirty years. JUNG-STILLING, yoHng stil'ling. .Toiianx Heixrk II I ]74ii-IS17). A German author, born at Grund in Westphiilia. His original name was Jung. He was a eharcoal-hirner. was then ap- prenticed to a tailor, and in 1770 went to Strassburg to study medicine. He practiced at Elberfeld till 1778, and achieved renown by his operations for the removal of cataract: then taught at Kaiserslaufern. Heidelberg, and Mar- burg: but soon returned to KarUruhe. where he was pensioned by the Grand Duke of Baden and made Privy Councilor, His most important work is the mystic autobiography, Heinrich StiUings