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* JUNE BUG. 331 JTJNGHAtrS. JUNE BUG, or MAY BEETLE. Any one of tile large, clumsy suarab*id beelles of the genus Laelinosterna, common in the United States. The adult beetles often do considerable damage to the foliage of joung fruit and shade trees, swarming after dark and feeding upon the -oung leaves, especially in the months of ilay and .Tune. They are commonly attracted to lamp-light, and are familiar olijecls in houses in the evenings during early sunniier, buzzing about the light and white walls and frequently falling to the floor. The larviB are large white grubs which live beneath the surface of the soil and damage the roots of grasses and other plants. When numerous they are very injurious to the sod of lawns and meadows, cutting off the roots just below the surface of the ground, so that a close sod may be rolled up like a carpet. The best remedy against the larvae consists in washing a dilute kerosene soap emulsion down into the ground, and for the adults in attracting them to lights placed over pans containing kerosene. JUNE GRASS. A meadow grass especially valualde for limestone soils. See BLtrE Grass. JUNG, zhex, He>-bi Ffiux Theodore (1833 — ). A French genera! and writer upon military subjects, bom in Paris. He was educated at Saint CjT. entered the artillen- in 18.53, and spent the next five years in Africa. After taking part in the campaign in Italy, where he was awarded the cross of the Legion of Honor for gallantry at Solfcrino. he entered the Council of the War Minister T^ebreuf (1860), but returned to active service during the Franco-Prussian War, ro.se in his profession till he became brigadier- general in 1SS7, and was appointed Governor of Dunkirk, but retired in 1891. His publica- tions include a number of works upon the science of warfare such as Le depot de In guerre (1872), and La republique et I'armce (1892), as well as Bonaparte et son temps (1880-81), Lucien Bona- parte et ses mcmoires ( 1882-83), and a biography of Dubois-Cranc6 (1884). JUNG, yoong, JUNGE, or JUNGIUS, .Joa- CHIS[ (1587-10.57). A German mathematician and natural philosopher, born at Liibeck. He was educated at Rostock, was professor of mathe- matics at Giessen in 1609-14, obtained his doc- torate in medicine at Padua in 1018, and became professor of mathematics at Rostock in 1624. In 1628 he was appointed rector of the Hamburg Johanneimi, and resigned the post in 1640. As a philosopher he had little significance. In natural science he concerned himself with physics, and more particularly with entomology and botany. He was the first to attempt a classification of plants by genera and species, and antedated Lin- n.TUs in a scheme of nomenclature. After long neglect, attention was called to him by Goethe. His chief work is his DoTosropiiF Phi/sicrr Mino- ris. scu Tsfipofie Phi/sica DoToseopin, iti qua Prw- ciptiCB Opiniones in Physica passim Receptee, Breriter Quirlem sed Accuratissime Eraniinatur (1662). Consult: Martini Forjelii Memoria J. Jungii (Hamburg, 1657) ; Goethes Fraqmente iiher .Ttinqius (Stuttgart and Tiibingen. 1850) : Avf-Lallemant. Des Dr. Junqins^ Briefu-echsel (Liibeck. 1863) : id.. Das Lehen des Dr. Junqitis (Breslau, 1882). JUNG, .ToiiAXN Hetxrich (1740-1817). Jung-Stillixg, Johaxn Heixricii. Vol. XI.— 22. See JUNG, Sir Sal.b (1829-83). An East In- dian prince, Premier of the Ueccan from 1853, For more than a century his family had occu- pied the highest positions of State, and Salar began his official career as assistant and suc- cessor to his uncle. He found civil and military aflairs in a most disorderly condition when he came into power, but he succeeded in reorganiz- ing them, and by keeping Hyderabad quiet dur- ing the mutiny he saved the dominion from an- nexation to' British India, except the Province of Berar, which the Xizam had given up in return for the English gold granted to pay his own troops. He was made Knight Grand Commander of the Star of India, and visited England in 1870. JUNGBUNZLAU, yoong-boonts'lou. A town of Bohemia, situated near the Iser, 31 miles northea.st of Prague (Map: Austria, D 1). It is divided into the old and new towns and two suburbs. There are an old and a new town hall, a castle built in the tenth century by Boleslas II. (now used as barracks), a hospital, a Piarist college, and a gymnasitmi. The town manufac- tures earthenware, glass, woolens, starch, spirits, and soap. Population, in 1890. 11,500: in 1900, 13,.500. JUNGFRAU, yooDg'frou (Ger., Maiden). A pyramidal peak of the Finsteraarhom group in the Bernese Alps. Switzerland, situated on the southern boundary of the Canton of Bern, eight miles west of the Finsteraarhom (Map: Switzer- land, B 2). Its height is 13.070 feet, and it falls steeply on the north and east, its slender and majestic form, and the pure whiteness of the snow with which it is covered, having given it its name. It was first ascended in 1811 by two Swiss gentlemen. In recent years the ascent has been made frequently. The construction of an electric railroad to the summit has been in ju'ogress for about eight years, and a large sec- tion is already open to the public. The greater part of the ascent will be through a tunnel. JUNGFRAU VON ORLEANS, f.m or'la'- ax'. Die (Ger., The ilaid of Orleans). A noted romantic tragedy by Schiller, completed in 1801. The play follows the historical account of .Joan of Arc's career, but departs from it in depicting her death, which is brought about by forgetful- ness of her vow of devotion and the growth of her love for Lionel. Overcome by the conscious- ness of her weakness, she wanders aimlessly until she is taken by the enemy, refuses Lionel's prof- fered protection, and after breaking her bonds rushes into the thick of the battle, and falls with a triumphant cry. JUNGHANS, youn.tr'hans. Sophie (1845—). A German novelist, bom at Cassel. She was well educated, traveled in England and Italy, and in 1877 married .Joseph Schuhnianu. who was a professor at Rome. She had w-ritten and pub- lished poetry and tales from 1809 to 1873. but did not become generally known until 1876, when Kathe, Geschichte eines moderncn Miidchens. ap- peared. Her other works in the same genre in- clude: nans Ecl:herq (1878). an historical novel of the Thirtv Years' War; Die Erhin uiderWillen ( 1881 ) : Die Giisfe der Madame f!anfines ( 1884) ; Drr fierrirat (1888): Zirei Briider (1889): Zu rechter Zeit (1892): Urn das GUick (1896); and Junge Leiden (1900).