Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/358

* JUNAGARH. 330 JUNE BERRY. citadel of the great Asoka (d.c. 250), and the to«'u fortifications, built in 1472. The niodcru buildings include the Nawnb's jialace and the College of Arts, the latter dating from 1900. The town contains fine modern shops and stores. Population, in 18'J1, ,■51,010; in 1001, 24,251. Consult Burgess, The Anliquitics of Culch and Kathiuicar (London, 1887). JUN'CO (Neo-Lat., of iinecrtiiin dorivati<in). The generic, and now the popuhir, name for the EO-called 'black' snow-birds of the United .States familiar in winter. Half a dozen species are named, besides several subspecies, all of which intf rgrade with one another in a most perplexing manner. One well-marked sjiecies (Juiico hye- viaVis) belongs to the Eastern United States, but .all the others are residents of the mountain- ous portions of ilc.xico and the Western United States. All are small finches, dark slate or ashy above and more or less white below and the beaks ^vhite. The nests are built on or near the ground, of grasses, mosses, and rootlets, and are often lined with hairs. The eggs are from four to five in number, bluish white, speckled at the larger end with brow'n. The common junco of the East is grayish slate color on the head, back, throat, and breast, and pure white on the belly, the contrast between the two colors being very sharp; the two outer tail feathers are Avhite and are conspicuous when the bird flies. It is a common winter visitor as far south as tlic Gulf of ^lexico, and a summer resilient from northern New- York and iliimcsota northward and in the mountains as far south as the Carolinas. It breeds in a nest on the ground, hidden among thickets. See Plate of Sparrows. JUNCTION CITY. A city and the county- seat of (Jeary County, Kan.. l.S.") miles west of Kansas City, at the conlluence of the Smoky Hill and Republican rivers, which here unite in the Kansas River; on the Missouri, Kansas and Texas and the Utiion Pacific railroads (Map: Kansas, F 2). It is a shipping point for grain, flour, live stock, and produce from the surround- ing country, and has extensive limestone quar- ries. Fort Riley (q.v. 1, .a large Oovernment military post, is three miles east of the city. The government, as provided under general laws, is vested in a mayor, who is elected every two years, and a unicameral council. The city ownis and operates its water-works. .Junction City was set- tled in 1S58. and was chartered as a city the following Tear. Population, in 1890, 4502; in 1900, 4095. JUNE. See Calend.^e. JUNE, Jennie. The pseudonym of the Ameri- can writer .Tane Cunningham Croly (q.v.). JUNEAU, joo-ncy. An incorporated city, set- tled in 18S0. in the Soiithern District of Alaska, 110 miles south by oast of Skagway; on Gas- tineau Channel, opposite Douglas Island (Map: .laska, J 4). The centre of important mining interests, it enjoys a considerable trade as an outfitting point, having several large mercantile establishments, and exports gold., furs, curios, etc. There are iron-works, cigar-factories, saw- mills, breweries, and bottling-works. The Silver Bow mines, the noted Treadwell trold-mine. and villages of the Taku and .uk Indians, with a native cemetery, are points of interest in the vicinity. The city has the United States Land Office for Alaska ; and there arc electric lights and water-works, a good system of public schools, a. court-house, and cable communication with the outside world, .luiicau has been designated by Congress the cajiital of Alaska. Population, in 1890, 1253; in 1900, 18G4. JUNEAU, L.UREXT Solomon (17931850). An Amcricun pioneer, founder of Milwaukee, Wis., born in L'Assumption Parish, Canada. He early went to Green Hay, tlicn a point of im- portance, and in 1818 to Alilwaukce as an Indian trader. XiuiK'rous settlers had preceded him, among thtni one Miraiuleau. a gunsmith, who took up residence in 1795. To Jlirandeau ces- sion was made by the Indians of a large tract of land previous to its transfer to the United States Government by treaty. Mirandeau's death occurred in 1820, when his affairs were yet unsettled, and .Juneau obtained possession of the original Indian grant. He executed the first survey of the vilhige. built its first bridge, and was its first postmaster and president. Sub- sequently he was also first Mayor of the city. He donated the ground for the first public square in Milwaukee, and with M. L. ilartin built there the first courthouse in Wisconsin. Unskilled in financial matters, he afterwards lost possession of his lands and the wealth thereby represented. In 1S84 a bronze statue of him was erected in .Tuneau Park, overlooking Lake Micliigan. See JIiLWAT'KEE, History. JUNE BEETLE. A name in the Southern United States for a green and brown cctonian beetle {Allorhiiia nilirla), also known as 'fig- eater' (q.v.). The term is also occasionally ap- plied in the North to the scarabieid beetles of the genus Lachnost<Tna, which, however, are more properlv called May beetles. (See Jitne Bug.) The June beetle is a native of the Southern and Central United States, and in its adult condition feeds upon ripe figs, peaches, pears, plums, and small fruits, such as rasp- berries and blackberries. It also feeds occasion- ally on ears of corn, and sucks the sap exuding from wounds in the branches of trees. It is near- ly as lieautiful in color as some of the metallic Brazilian beetles which have been used in jewelry, and is a favorite plaything with childien. who tie strings to the body anil let the beetles fly with a humming noise. In its larval condition it is a white grub, closely resembling the white grubs of the Northern States, but is not nearly so injurious. The white grubs of the .Tune beetle live at or below the surface of the ground, and frequently occur in countless numbers in grass lawns, in strawberry and celery beds, and every- where where the soil is very rich and the vegeta- tion is vigorous. It is doulitfiil. however, wheth- er they do any serious damage. Their normal food is decaying vegetation — soil humus. They may occasionally cut off the root of a plant, but are surely not especially injurious in grass lands, although of some damage to celery by soiling the stalks. Where .Tune beetles are numerous and arc damaging ripe fruit, they may be at- tracted in numbers to a little heap of spoiled fruit which has been sprinkled with Paris green, and thus may be destroyed. JUNE BERRY. A North American edible fruit and the tree named from it. See Amelan- CHIER.