Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/357

* JUMPERS. 329 JUNAGARH. Quakers and Irvingites. They were also called Barkers, because they accompanied the leaping and dancing with groans and incoherent utter- ances. Discountenanced in England, they emi- grated to the United states. Consult : Evans, Sketch of the Denominations of the' Christian World (London, 1811); Tyerman. Life of John Wrsley, vol. ii. (London, 1870). — The name Jumpers is also given to a Russian fanatical sect whose alleged religious services consist in extraor- dinary leaping, and are accompanied with physi- cal exercises. JUMPING BEAN. The seed of any one of several euphorbiaceous plants, including Sebas- tiania bilocularis, iiehasiiania Palmeri, and iS'e- bastiania Pringlei, and CoUiguaja odorifera (or Croton colliguaja), when infested by the full- grown larva of a small gray tortricid moth {Carpacapsa saltitans). The seeds are some- what triangular, and not only roll from side to side, but move by jerks and jumps. The move- ments are produced by a plump whitish larva which occupies about one-fifth of the interior, the seed in fact being but a hollow shell lined with silk which the larva has spun. Late in the winter the larva cuts a circular door through the seed, strengthens it with silk and transforms to pupa, the moth soon afterwards pushing its way through the prepared door. The larva of another moth ((,'riiplioUtha sebastianiw) infests the seeds of Schnstiania Palmeri and produces similar movements. These plants and insects are natives of Central and South America, and the imported seeds are frequently called 'Mexican jumping beans,' and, in the Southwestern United States, 'broncho beans.' JUMPING FISH. See Mud-Skipper. JUMPING FROG OF CALAVERAS, The Celebrated. A sketch by Mark Twain (1867), written for the CaUfornian. It was his first work to attract wide attention. JUMPING HARE. A South African rodent (Pcdetes coffer), the 'springhaas' of the Dutch colonists, which is placed near the jei-boas in systems of zoology', but considerably differs from them in that it is larger — as big as a rabbit. It is the sole representative of the fam- ily Pedetid.ne. The head much resenildcs that of a hare, although the ears are shorter: tlie form of the body is also like that of a hare, but the hind legs are very long and strong, like those of a kangaroo, and the toes both of fore and hind feet are armed with great claws. Its powers of leaping are extraordinary; it clears 20 or 30 feet at a bound. Night is the time of activity, and it makes mischievous inroads on fields and gar- dens. Its flesh is eaten. JUMPING MOUSE. One of the most com- mon, interesting, and widespread of North Ameri- can wild mice [Znpiis Hiidsonius), scientifically regarded as a jerboa. (See Jerbo.. and Plate of Mice and .JERnoAS.) It takes its name — also that of 'kangaroo mouse' — from the long and strong hind legs, and its habit of running in long leaps. It inhabits brushy places by prefer- ence, and lays up no store in winter, but con- structs a warm, ball-like nest, placed in some thick bush or often within an abandoned bird's nest, where it hibernates during the cold months in a dormancy more profound than that of any other American animal. It is a yellowish-grizzle color above and white underneath, and has a very long tail. It is limited to the eastern half of the United States; but similar species exist in Western North America and in Europe. JUMPING PLANT-LOUSE. An hemipter- ous insect of the family I'syllidoe, distinguished from the true aphids by the swollen hind thighs, giving this insect its power as a jumper, by the two-jointed feet, and by antennsE with eight or nine joints. Many of the species live ex- posed upon the leaves of trees and plants, like the pear-tree Psylla, while others form galls in which they live, such as several of the species which feed upon the hackberry. Most of the jumping plant-liee secrete quantities of honey- dew ( q.v. ). The eggs of Psylla pyricola ( and probably of manj' other species) are attached to a leaf by a short arm, and each has a long hair- like stalk projecting from its end. There are several generations each year, and the adults hibernate. JUMPING SHREW. An African shrew of the family Macroscelidie, so called because of the large hind legs and leaping method of progres- sion. The group are also known as elephant- shrews (q.v.). The family is represented in all parts of .frica. but not elseAvhere. and the most remarkable species are those of the South "African genus Rhynchocyon, some of which reach a length of eight inches, besides the long, scaly tail. Their noses are prolonged into tubular nostrils almost as fie.xible as the trunk of an elephant. They inhabit dry, rocky places, are not numerous, and little is known of their habits. JUMPING SPIDERS. Any of the medium- sized spiders with short legs of the family At- tidie. They capture their prey by leaping vipon it. Many of them are brightly colored, and live in open places among the tops of low plants. They walk backward or sidewise as well as for- ward, and some of them jump great distances. They do not spin webs, but some of the sjiecies fix a thread to the point from which they leap, so that, should they miss their aim, they will not fall far. Some of the species are very com- mon, and may be seen hunting on foliage, fences, or on almost any exposed surface. Consult Emerton, Common Spiders (Boston, 1902). JUNAGARH, jfKi'na-giir'. A native Gujarat State of the Kathiawar Peninsula, Bombav, India. Area, 328.3 square miles. Population, estimated at 381.000. The .surface generally is level, diversified to the north by the Girnar and Datar Hills, with a maximum altitude of S.tOO feet. Cotton and cereals are cultivated. .Tuna- garh ranks as a first-class native State, anil its alliance with Great Britain dates from ISOS, when the then chief agreed with the Bombay Government to oppose piracy and allow free com- merce with British vessels on the payment of stipulated duties. Capital, Junagarh (q.v.). JUNAGARH. The capital of the native Gu- jarat State of the same name in the Bombay Presidency. India (Map: India. B 4). It is situ- ated on the Rajputana Railway, 45 miles north of Verawal, on the Arabian Sea. It is an at- tractive town from historic and scenic stand- points, with a picturesque background formed by the popular excursion and shooting grounds of the Girnar and Datar Hills. Its royal tombs and Buddhist eaves are of particular archieological interest, as are also the Uparkot, an ancient