Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/354

* JULIE. 326 JULIUS. band recalls Saint-Preux, and the old passion re- vives. J!olh sUuy^le against its power, and Julie is released tlirouj;li death by an accident. Saint- Preux devotes himself to the education of her children. The novel had a jrrcat success, though the plot is slight, lis chief interest lies in its romantic subject, and in the impressive descrip- tions of its -Alpine setting. The work was the forerunner of the sentimental and the descriptive novel, and was in some of its features based on experiences of the author, JU'LIEN, Alexis Anastay (1840—), An American yciilugist, born in New York, N. Y. He graduated at Luiou College in 1859, studied in the cliemical laboratory of that institution in lS5!)-tiO, and from IsJo to 18G4 was resident chemist on the guano island of Sombrero. Dur- ing his residence in that island he made re- searches in natural history and geology, collected land shells and birds, and" conducted meteoro- logical observations for the Smitlisonian Institu- tion of Washington. In 1872 he was connected with the JUchigan Geological Survey, and from 1875 to 1878 w'ith that of Xorth Carolina. lie was appointed assistant in charge of the quanti- tative laboratory of the Columbia School of Mines soon after its establishment, from 1885 to 1897 w-as in charge of the department of biol- ogy and microscopy, and subsequently became an instructor in geology. His writings include a re- port on "Lithology" in the Jliehigan Geological SuiTey's Geulogy of Michigan, vol. ii. (187"2); a "ilicroscopie Examination of Eleven Ro<'ks from Ashland County, Wis.," in the Wisconsin Geological Survey's (leolorji/ of Wiscousi)i, vol. iii. (1880): and "On the Geological Action of the Humus Acids." in the Proceedings of the Ameri- can Association for the Advancement of Science (1880). JULIEN, zhu'lyax', Louis Antoixe (1812- 60). A I'rcnch composer, born at Sisteron. Basses-Alpcs. He was a pupil of Halevy and Le Carpentier, and commenced a series of con- certs in the jardin Ture. Though these were successful, he got into debt, and went to Eng- land. In London he became conductor of an orchestra, which played at the Drury Lane and Lyceum theatres, and which he afterwards took with him on an American tour. His dance music was always popular, and he emplojed excellent performers ; but his five-act opera, Pietro il Grande (1852), which he produced on such a lavish scale that it ruined him, was not favorably received. He died in an insane asylum in Paris. JULIEN, Stani.sl.s AiGXAN (1700-1873). A noted French savant who, though he never set foot in China, became the foremost Sinologist of his day. He was horn at Orleans. He early showed marked ability for the acquisition of languages. In 1821 he became assistant pro- fessor of Greek in the Collfege de France, but was soon attracted to Cliinese by the lectures of Abel Remusat, then professor of Chinese in the same college. In 1823 he brought out a Latin translation of the works of the philosopher Meng- tse (Mencius). He was elected a member oj the AcadPmie des Inscriptions in 18.31, and on the death of R<^niusat in the following year he suc- ceeded him in the chair of Chinese. Besides mas- tering Chinese. .Tulien applied hiinself to the study of Sanskrit and ^fanchu. His works num- ber over two dozen, consist chiefly of translations from the Chinese, but arc accompanied with notes and elucidations of the greatest value. Be- sides several plays and novels — a department of Chinese literature which first engaged his atten- tion — he produced Kluin-Ing-Piiii, l,c litre des recompenses et des peines, acconijjanied with 400 legends, anecdotes, and stories illustrative of the doctrines and ]iractices of the Taoists (1835); li^^siimc des priiicipaiix trait<'s ehirwis siir la eitl- ture des miiriers, etc. (1837); Lao-lseu-Tao-Te- King, the "Book of the Way and of Virtue' of the Chinese philosopher Lao-tse, who lived in the sixth century B.C. (1841) ; Histoire de la vie de Jlioucn-Tlisang. the Buddhist pilgrim, and of his journeys in India between the'.vears A.u. 02U and 045 (1853) ; Histoire cl fabrication de !ii poree- laine cliinoise, translated from the Cliincse by the order of the ilinister of Agriculture and Com- merce (1850) : .Vt'moircs stir les eontries occiden- tales, by Hiouen-Thsang (1857-59); MeUiode pour deehiffrer les nonis sanscrits qui se renron- trent dans les livres ehinois (18G1), a work of great value to students of the inmiense Buddhist literature of China: and Industries unciennes et 'inoderncs dc I'cmpire ehinois (1800). In 1841 he had published a volume containing critic;il dis- cussions of certain rules of position which in Chinese play the same role as inllcxions in other languages. This he later elaborated into his l^yn- tawe nouvelle de la langue chinoise fondce siir la position des mots, which appeared in 1800, an epoch-making work for students of Chinese. This was followed in 1870 by a supplementary vohune containing some controverted and miscellaneous matter, lie died in Paris.' JULIERS, zhu'lyar'. The French name for Jtri.icH ((|.v.). JUOilET. (1) In Shakespeare's Pomro and Juliet (q.v. ), a young girl of the House of Capu- let, beloved by Romeo, of the rival House of Montague, distinguished for the intensity of her afTcction. (2) The lady love of Claudio, in Shakespeare's ^[easure for Measure. JULIUS, jul'yus. The name of three popes. .Trues I., Pope" 337-352. His pontificate fell in the most difficult times of the Arian contro- versy, when the sons of Constantino were perse- cuting the bishops who' remained firm in their ad- herence to the doctrine defined at Xicrea. .Tulius gave them unflinching support. He examined the charges brought by the Eusebian parly against Saint Athanasius and dismissed them, writing a masterly letter to the accusers. In conjunction with the Emperor Constans he summoned the Council of Sardica (q.v.). He is reckoned as a saint, and his day observed on April I2th. His letters are in Migne, Patrologin Latino, viii. — JuLifS II., Pope 1503-13, CJiuliano della Rovere, a nephew of Sixtus IV., who made him a cardinal in 1471. In 1480 he was sent as legate to France, and on his return two years later filled an in- creasingly important place at Rome, under both his uncle and Innocent VITT. Under Alexander VI., however, he was in opposition: and one of his first steps on his elevation to the Papal throne was to resume possession of the Romagna, which had been bestowed on Cesare Borgia. ■Iiliu5 himself was beyond suspicion of nepotism or selfish designs for aggrandizement: but his pontificate was chiefly devoted to political and military enterprises for the complete reestablish- ment of the Papal sovereignty in its ancient terri- tory, and for the extinction of foreign domination