Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/352

* JUKES. 324 JULIAN. About Xcwfoundland (2 vols., 1842), and the wt'llkiiown SItukiils' Manual of lleolugy (ed. 1, 185V: (mI. .'), 1S!»0). JUKOVSKY, zhoo-k6f'sk{-, Vassili Andeeye- VITCU. A Uu>;sian poet and translator, properly ZllLKOVSKY (q.v.). JULG, yylK, Behniiakd (1825-8U). X (Jcr- man philologist, horn at Hingelhaili and educated at Heidelherg and Berlin (1844-48). After he had taught in the schools of Heidelberg, Frei- burg, and Kastatl, he was appointed professor of classical philologi;' at Lenihcrg (1851), at Cra- cow (185H), and lnn.-.l>ruck (18t)3). His special study was Oriental folk-lore. Among liis works are the new edition of V'ater, Lilttrulur der (Iratnmulikcn, Lexika uiid Worlrrsiiimiiluiirirti iilkr Sprachcn der Erdc ( 1847) ; Die Murchcn des ^iddhikiir (1866) ; Mongolische Uiirchcn (1867) ; I'eber Wesen und Aufgahe der Uprachwisseii- ficliaft (1808); Diegrieehinrlirn Hehlcnsagen im Widerschein bei den Moiigolen (1869); and On the Present State of .Mongolian Researches (1882). JUIJA. Daughter of Augustus and Scri- bonia. and the Enii)eror's only child. She was born in n.c. .'!!). Ilcr mother was divorced a few- days after her birth, and the cliild was brought tip under her father's car<> in the strictness and sim- plicity of bis earlier court. At fourteen (n.c. 25) she was married to her cousin Marcus Claudius Marcellvis. son of Oetavia, the Emperor's sister; and after his death she became the wife of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, the Emperor's counselor and friend (n.c. 22). Tlicir children were Gains Ca'sar and Lucivis C:csar, who died in their boy- hood: Julia: Agrippina, who married Hermani- cus and became the mother of the Emperor Cali- gula ; and .grippa, surnamed Postunnis, because he was born after his father's death in B.C. 12. Shortly after this event, Augustus meditated a new marriage for Julia, and the ambition of the Empress l.ivia induced him to give her in mar- riage to Livia's son Tilierius Claudius Nero, in order to secure his accession to the throne. The marriage proved unhappy, and the character of Julia is depicted in very luifavorable colors by the Roman historians. Tiberius was adopted as heir to the throne, but .lulia was exiled in dis- grace and treated almost as a State prisoner. She passed her remaining years in sad confine- ment, first on the island of Pandataria. then at Rhegium. where she died of consumption super- induced by neglect, at the age of fifty-two (a.d. 14), shortly after the death of Augustus and the accession of Tiberius. JULIA. ( 1 ) A character in Shakespeare's Tico (lenilemen of Verona, the lady-love of Pro- tens. (2) The ward of the title character in Sheridan Knowles's The Ihniclihnck. She becomes the wife of Sir Thomas ClifTord. (3) Sir An- thony -Absolute's ward, in love with Falkland, in Sheridan's Rirahi. (4) In Byron's Don Juan, a marrie<l woman of .Seville who loves the youthful Don .Tuan. JULIA DOM'NA (c.167-217). A Tioman empress, wife of Septimius Severus and mother of Bassanius or Caracalla. and of Geta. She was born at Eniesa. in Syria, and married the Emperor in 187. The eonten:porarv authorities agree in making her fond of literature, but difTer widely in regard to her person:il iharacter. Dion, whom Gibbon follows, makes her an ideal mother and a power for good during Caracalla's reign ; hut the more connuon story makes her unspeakably wicked and describes her uiniatural relations with (Caracalla. She killed herself soon after the death of her son. JU'LIAN (Claiuils Jluaxi-.s), surnamed the Apostate, on account of his renunciation of Christianity. Roman Emperor A.u. ;i61-;j63. He was born at Constantinople, November 17, 331, and was the son of Julius Constantius, the brother of Constantine the Great. He and his brother Callus, who were too young to be dan- gerous, were spared when Constantius 11., son of Constantine. massacred the rest of the Imperial family. They were, however, rcniocil to a castle in Cai)padocia, where they were sul>jected to a system of rigorous espionage. Julian's life was very miserable, and the monkish education which he received produced no other result than a strong detestation of the religion professed by his tor- mentors. He was fond of literature and philos- ophy, and he instinctively turned away from the rude asceticism, gloomy piety, and barbarous janglings of Uomoousians and Hoinoiuiixians, to the cheerfulness, refinement, and pure intellectual meditativeness of the old Greek philosophers. Some of his teachers appear to have been (se- cretly) jiagans, for the sudden change in the State religion brought about by Constantine had neces- sitated ii great deal of hypocrisy, esiiecially among scholars and Government ollicials. At the age of twenty .Juli:in was at heart a disbeliever in the divine origin of Christianity. Un the death of his brother (iallus (end of 354), he was removed by Constantius to Milan, but was subse- quently allowed to go to Athens, the home of Greek learning, where he gave himself up to philosophical pursuits. The Emperor — though still jealous and suspicious — now conferred on him the title of Cie.sar (November G, 355), and sent him to Gaul to protect it from the incursions of the Germans. Julian defeated the .lenianni at .Strassburg (.ugust, 357), and compelled the Franks to make peace. His internal admin- istration in Gaul was mild and judicious. His pojiularity, in ccmsetpience, became very great, and wheii Constantius ordered him to set out for the East, Julian's soldiers rose in insurrection and proclaimed their favorite Emperor. The death of Constantius at Mopsucrene, in Cilicia, November 3, 3(il, removed the only obstacle from his way: and on December II he made a triumphal entrance into Constantinople. He now j)ublicly avowed himself a pagan, but sur- pri.sed both Christians and pagans by his edict of toleration. Yet he chose most of his officers from the professed followers of the old religion, and compelled the Christians to contribute to the restoration of the heathen temples. In 362 he made great preparations at Antioeh. in the hope of bringing the war with the Persians to a successful termination, and in the following year advanced to Clesiphon and across the Tigris, but want of provisions and treachery necessitated his retreat. He was followed and attacked by the enemy who were rei)eatedly repulsed, but in (me of the engagements he was mortally wounded by nn arrow, and died .June 26. 363, at the age of thirty-two. .Julian was a mcmarch of great abil- ity. His rule was just, liberal, and humane. He composed a great number of orations, letters, satires, and also poems (collected and piiblished by Spanheim in 1C9G). Among his lost works