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* JTJIVE. 333 JUKES. opera ends with the torture and death of Rachel and her father, and the exile of Leopold. Hale"j''s music is counted among the finest works of French art, and is distinguished by great dra- matic sentiment and rich orchestration. JTJJXTBE, ju'jab (Fr. jujube, from Lat. zizy- phum, Gk. fifi'^oi', zizyphon, jujube, from Syriac suzfa, jujube, Pers. zizfin), Zizyphus. A genus of spin}-, and deciduous shrubs and small trees of the natural order Rhamnacese. The conmion ju- jube (Zizyphus saliva) of the south of Europe, Syria, India, and China is a low tree, which pro- duces a red or yellow fruit resembling an olive in shape and size, and which dried as a sweetmeat forms an article of commerce. Other species not much inferior are found in Africa. South America, and other warm countries. The lotus (Zizyphus Lotus), a Persian or Xorth African shrub two or three feet high, produces in gieat abundance a fruit about as large as a sloe, and with a large stone, but having a sweet farinaceous pulp, which the natives of some parts of Africa make into cakes resembling gingerbre.nd. A kind of wine is sometimes made from it. Zizyphus Spina-Christi, another native of the Mediterranean region, is sometimes said to be the plant from the branches of which our Saviour's crown of thorns was made, and is therefore called Christ's thorn and Jew's thorn, names which, for the same reason, are also given to Paliurus aculeatus. The fruit is about the size of a sloe, oblong, and pleasantly acidulous. Pleasant refreshing drinks are made from the fruits of these trees, and formerly syrup of jujubes was used as a pectoral. Jujube paste of the confectioners at one time contained jujube fruit, but it is now made of gum arable and sugar without any fruit. JTJJTJY, Hfio-Hwe'. A province of Argentina, occupyini.' the northwestern end of the Republic, and hounded by Bolivia on the north and west and by the Province of Salta on the south and east ("Map: Argentina. D 8). Its area is 18.977 square miles. An elevated plain known as the Piuia do Tujuy covers all the northwest portion, which is a continuation of the great Bolivian table-land, terminating in a mountain chain. with snow-covered peaks rising to an altitude of over 15,000 feet. This portion of the province has a cold climate, poor vegetation, and is almost uninhabited. On the east side of the range the surface slopes gradually toward the Chaco (q.v.) plains, interspersed by a few inconsiderable mountains. This part has a hot and moist cli- mate, is well watered, and is very productive. The entire province is traversed bj' the Rio Grande de Jujuy, a tributary through Rio Bermejo of the Paraguay. The Puna has two large lakes, Toro and Casabindo, the latter of which furnishes an immense quantity of salt. The mountains con- tain rich mineral deposits, including asphalt, gold, silver, gypsum, quicksilver, and iietroleum. 'erv little, however, has been done toward ex- ploiting the mineral deposits of the province, in spite of the fact that it is connected by rail with the central portion of the Republic. The chief products of the province are sugar, wheat, rice, brandy, and hides. Population, in 1895, 49.713. The capital is Jujuy (q.v.). JTJJTJY. The capital of the Province of Ju- juy in the northwestern part of Argentina, situ- ated on the Rio Grande de Jujuy (Map: Argen- tina, D 8). The town has a national college, a normal school for women, and other public schools. It is connected by rail with Buenos Ayres, and owes its importance chiefly to its transit trade with Bolivia, which is carried on by the road leading north through the pass of Las Cortaderas. It was founded in 1592. Population, about 5000. JTJKES, The. A pseudonym used to protect certain worthy members of a family in Xew York State whose history displays unique conditions of crime, disease, and pauperism. In .July. 1874, R. L. Dugdale investigated some county jails in the State, and, as a result, made a further genea- logical study of this particular family. The two sons of the so-called Max. a backwoodsman, descendant of an early Dutch settler, married two .Jukes sisters, one of whom is known as 'Mar- garet, mother of criminals.' Seven hundred and nine out of 1200 descendants were traced, of whom 280 had received public support. 140 were criminals and offenders, serving in all 140 years in prison, and a large proportion were licentious and nervouslv diseased. The estimated social cost of the family in 75 years was .$1.. 308.000. This valuable study in heredity was first pub- lished as the thirtieth annual report of the Prison Association of New York, under whose auspices the inquiry was made, and more recently in a separate volume (5th ed.. New York, 1891). JTJKES, Joseph Beete (1811-69). An Eng- lish geologist, bom near Birmingham. He re- ceived his education at Cambridge, and then entered upon a course of practical investigation in geological science. He was geological sur- veyor of Newfoundland in 1839, and was ap- pointed in 1842 naturalist of the surveying expedition of H. M. S. Fly. engaged in tlie ex- ploration of Torres Strait, New Guinea, and the east coast of Australia. In 1846 he was employed in the Geological Survey of Great Britain, and contributed to the official report special memoirs on certain districts. He was director of the Geo- logical Survey of Ireland in 18.50. and afterwards professor of geology in the Royal Dublin Society and the Royal College of Science at Dublin. Pro- fessor .Jukes wrote the article "(ieology" for the Encyrlopwdin Brifnnnicn. ,8th ed.. and several im- portant works, including: Excursions in and