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* JXJDAS MACCABEUS. 311 JTJDD. on until liis death Judas was the virtual head of the Jewish people, though he bore no olliciai title. He did not assume the office of high priest as his brother Jonathan did later. Extensive campaigns were undertaken against enemies of the .Jews on all sides. The Edomites to the south. the Ammonites to the east, the Arabs, and other people were conquered or punished for mal- treatment of Israelites. On the death of Antiochus Epiphanes (b.c. 164), Lysias, guard- ian of the young Antiochus V., invaded Judea with an army of 100,000 men and ad- vanced to .Jerusalem, after a vain attempt by Judas to check his jjrogress. But troubles at Antioeh compelled Lysias to retire, and Judas took advantage of the opportunity to secure Syrian recognition of the religious liberty of the Jews. This accomplished, Judas worked toward political independence. To this end he dispatched an embassy to Rome proposing an alliance, hop- ing thereby to secure Judea against further sub- jection. The answer came too late, for dis- sensions among the .Jews and the intrigues of the pro-Syrian party had proved fatal to his plans. Though he won a glorious victory over the forces of Demetrius I. of Syria, under Xicanor ( B.C. 163-162). he was imable to rally the full strength of the .Jews against a second army, and died in battle against hopeless odds at Elasa (b.c. 161). He was buried in the family sepulchre at Modin, and .succeeded by his more shrewd and political brother, .Jonathan (q.v. ). BiBLioGR.^^PHT. The main sources of informa- tion are I. and II. Maccabees and .Josephus's Antiquities, xii. Of these the narrative in I. Maccabees is the most reliable. Compare: Schii- rer, Histor;/ of the Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ (Eng. trans.. London. 188.5-91) ; Stade, Geschichte des Volkes Israel (Berlin, 1888): Wellhausen. Israelitisehe und jiidische Geschichte (Berlin. 1898): H. Weiss, Judas Malkahwus (Freiburg. 1897) : Streane, The Age of the Maccabees (London, 1898). JUDAS OF GALILEE. Leader of a .Jewish uprising against the Romans. According to the only mention of him in the New Testament (Acts V. 37 ) he appeared at the time of the census and carried away the people with him, but himself perished, while all his followers were dispersed. Probably he is to be identified with the .Judayof Galilee (orGamala) of .Josephus (Aiif. x^'iii. i.). This .Judas, along with Sadduk, resisted the taking of the census under Quirinius (..d. 6-7), instigated the people in the name of religion to riot and revolution, but met with little success. Josephus does not record his death, but narrates that his two sons, Jacob and Simon, were later put to death. JUDAS THE APOSTLE. One of the Twelve Apostles mentioned only by Luke as the eleventh in both his lists (Luke vi". 16: Acts i. 13). He is probably to be identified with the Thaddipus (or Lebba>us) of Mark and Matthew (see Thad- D.EUS ), and with the .Judas, 'not Iscariot,' of .John (xiv. 22). The name of his father ("not brother') was James (q.v.). Nothing certain is known of him beyond the fact that he was one of the Twelve. He is not to be identified with .Tude. the brother of the Lord, for the latter could not ful- fill the conditions of eligibility to the Twelve re- quired by Acts i, 21, 22. JUDAS-TKEE {Cercis). A genus of tree.s of the natural order Leguminosse, named from the tradition that .Judas hanged himself on one of them. The common -Judas-tree of Europe (Cercis eiiliquastrum}, a native of the south of Europe and of the warmer temperate parts of Asia, has almost orbicular, very obtuse leaves, and rose- colored flowers which precede them. The Ameri- can .Judas-tree (Cercis Canadensis), a hardy tree, which may reach a height of forty feet, is very similar, but has acuminate leaves. The flower- buds of both species are frequently pickled in vinegar. Both species furnish a black-veined JCDAS-TBEE. strikingly beautiful wood, which takes an excel- lent polish. A third species (Cercis occidetitalis) occurs in the Western United States, and one has been introduced from Japan (Cercis Chinensis). All the species flower early in the spring and are very handsome in shrubbery. JUDD, Gebbit Pabmlee (1803-73). An Hawaiian statesman, born at Paris, X. Y. He went as missionary physician to the Hawaiian Islands in 1S28, with the second body of mission- aries .sent out from the United States. In 1842 the King induced him to accept a Government position, though, in order to do so, he was forced to sever his connection with the mission. From that time until 18.53, when he was compelled by popular jealousy to retire, he was one of the most conspicuous figures in Hawaiian politics. He was largely responsible for the organization of a con- stitutional government in the islands, and at various times held different ministerial oflJices. the duties of which he discharged with so much abil- ity that he became virtually the ruler of the country. JUDD, XoRMAX Bi-EL (1815-78). An Ameri- can lawyer and politician, born at Rome, N. Y. He was educated at the high school in his native city, studied law, and in 1836 was admitted to the bar. He immediately removed to Chicago, 111., where he began practice, drew up the first charter of the incorporated city in 1837. and was elected its first city attorney. He was county attorney for Cook County in" 1830, and in 1844 was electeil to the State Legislature, of which body he remained a member by successive re- elections until 1860. Originally a Democrat, he allied himself with the Republican Party in 1856, was a delegate to the Philadelphia Convention in that year, and became chairman of the Illinois State Central Committee of the party. He held