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* JUDAH. 309 JUDAS ISCAKIOT. tion of rivalries between Hebrew clans. The favorable light in which Joseph is depicted iu <Senesis points to a northern writer or writers, but it is also evident that tlie stories have been recast with a view of removing features that reflect too seriously on Judah, and so the latter and Reuben are depicted hoping to save Joseph from his jealous brothers. The alliance of Judah with a Canaanitish woman is held to be a bit of tribal Judah tradition, accounting for the ad- mixture of Canaanitish elements in the clan, but it is hard to suppose that the unsavorj' family history of .Judah and his sons, in Gen. xxxviii., ending with Judah's marrying his own daughter- ■ in-law, represents anything else at bottom than tribal slander indulged in by northern clans; thus, again, it reflects the rivalry between the north and the south. It is not until the days of David that the Judah elan comes into promi- nence: and the boundaries of the clan as de- .scribed in .Joshua xv. apply to the post-Davidic age. According to the Book of .Joshua, Judah extended eastward to the Dead Sea, and west- ward to the Mediterranean. It is hardly ac- curate, however, to assume that Judah ever had such control of the Philistine country that it could be reckoned as part of its possessions. In the north, .Judah bordered on Benjamin's terri- tory, while the southern limit is represented sim- ply by a line drawn westward from the southern extremity of the Dead Sea. Till David's time, the clan of .Judah appears to have been also to a great extent isolated from the other Hebrew- clans, due in part to the mountainous nature of the .Judean territory and in part to the mix- ture of Hebrew with Canaanitic elements (e.g. Kenites and Kenizites) : the clan of .Judah tlius turns out to be. despite its later religious promi- nence, less pure than the other tribes of the Hebraic confederation. David (q.v. ) succeeded in obtaining control of the north after the death of Saul, and Jerusalem, captured from the Jebu- tites, becomes henceforth one of the great centres of Hebrew history. The north chafed under the southern yoke, and after the death of Solomon again became independent. JUDAH I. (C.17.5--219). Son of Simon II., and compiler of the Mishna (q.v.). While a youth he was admitted to the Sanhedrin on account of liis extraordinary knowledge of .Jewish law, and on his father's death was made its president. Tlirough his knowledge and wealth he succeeded in transferring the whole power of the Sanhedrin to himself. He settled in Sepphoris. which dur- ing his lifetime became a centre of religious and learned activity. His great knowledge earned liim the unique dignity of being quoted simply by Ills title, 'Rabbi.' and he was further distin- guished by the appellation of 'ha-Xasi' — 'the Prince.' After his death he was spoken of as ^hak-Kadosh' — 'the holy.' The compilation of laws made originally as a text-book for his lec- tures acquired such authority that it became a permanent standard, and formed the basis of the great compilation known as the Talmud. JUDAH, or JEHUDA (Ar., Ahu al-Hasaii) , r.EN Samuel, surnanicd Ha-Levi (c.1086-?). .1 Jewish physician, poet, and philosopher of Spain. He was bom in Castile, and first studied medicine, but afterwards devoted himself to phi- losophy and poetry, and became the greatest Hebrew poet of the Middle Ages. His songs home of his race; and about 1140 he left his college at Toledo to journey to the city of his lays. The date and manner of his death are un- known ; according to tradition, he was slain by a Moslem while singing his song of Zion. In the field of philosophj' his chief work is Al-Kliazari, written in Arabic, in which, in the form of a dia- logue, the current form of Aristotelianism, Chris- tianity, Islam, and finally .Judaism are explained to Bulan. King of the Khazars. The work has little theological or philosophical depth, and be- trays the essentially poetic mind of its author. It has been translated from the Hebrew transla- tion of Jehuda ibn Tibbon into Cierman by Cas- sel (2d ed., Leipzig, 1869), and more successfully by Hirschfeld from the original Arabic ( Breslau, 1885), who also published the Arabic text with the Hebrew translation of .Jehuda ibn Tibbon [Das Buck Al-Chftzari, Leipzig, 1887). Ha-Levi's poems have been translated into German by Sachs, Religiose Poesie der Juden in Spanien (Berlin, 18-45), Geiger, Divan des Castiliers Je- huda Haleii (Breslau, 1851). and Heller, Die cchten hehriiischen Melodien (Trier, 189.3) ; some of them are found in English in Emma Lazarus's Poetical Works, vol. ii. (Boston. 1889), and Xina Davis, .S'oni/s of Exile (Philadelphia, 1901). The poems of Jehuda Ha-Levi are remarkable for their pure Hebrew diction, their exalted sen- timents, and their fervor. Consult D. Kaufman, Jehuda Ha-Levi (Breslau, 1877). JUDAIZEBS. A name given to certain of the early converts to Christianity who wished to re- tain the rites and ceremonies of the Jewish law, particularly circumcision. They were naturally Jews, and appear to have been of two classes, some considering the law as binding only on Christians who were also Jews, others wishing to make it obligatory on Gentile converts also. The Apostolic Council ( see Jerusalem. Cou>'cils OF) decided against the latter view. These Christians were particularly hostile to Paul, and were opposed by him with much warmth. Owing to his influence and the increasing nimiber of Cientile converts, they became less and less im- portant and finally disappeared. See Ebioxites; Xazabexe: P.rL. JUT)AS BAR'SABBAS (Lat., from Gk. 'loOdas, loudas. from Ueb. Yehudah, Judah). A member of the Jerusalem Church, who with Silas was the bearer of a decree from the Apostles and elder brethren to the brethren in Antioch, Syria, and Cilicia (Acts xv. ■22-33). He is de- scribed as a man of eminence and a prophet. Further than this, nothing is definitely known of him. That he was a brother of Joseph Barsabbas is only an inference. JUDAS ISCAKIOT. One of the Twelve Apostles of .Jesus, and the one who betrayed Him, as the Evangelists are wont to add when they mention his name. Iscariot or Iscarioth means 'man of Kerioth,' but the place referred to is uncertain; it may have been in Judah (cf. .Josh. XV. 25). His father was named Simon (.John vi. 7 1 ; xiii. 2,26). He was the only one of the Twelve not a Galilean, and his name is put last in all the lists. In the oldest Gospel (Mark) there is no open suspicion against him. or any reference to the position he held among the Twelve, prior to the time of the betrayal. .Just before the Paschal Supper, however, narrates Mark, Judas, one of