Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/335

* JUAREZ. 307 JUBILEE. which marks his race in the presence of danger. The sincerity and utility of his reforms, both civil and judicial, are universally recognized. An account of Juarez is given in Bancroft, His- tory of Mexico, vols. v. and vi. ( San Francisco, ISSO-OOI. There is also an excellent biogi'aphy bv Burke, .1 Life of Benito Juarez (London, 1S94). JUAREZ CELMAUr, hooa'rath salmiin', Miguel i 1S44 — ). A South American politician, born at Cordoba, Argentine Republic. He studied at the university there, became Governor of Cor- doba Province, and was elected a Senator in the National Congress in 1884. In 1886 he ob- tained election to the Presidency of the Republic for six years. During his administration the speculation in railways and other properties, and the inllation of the currency, terminated in the' disastrous financial panic of 1890. A revolu- tionaiv movement having been inaugurated at Buenos Ayres, he declared the city to be in a state of siege, but after some desulton- fighting was obliged to resign in favor of the Vice-Presi- dent, Pellegrin. JU'BA. A river in Eastern Africa, formed by the junction of tliree main headstreams — the Ganana. the Web. and the Daua — and flowing southeastward, constituting the boimdary be- tween Italian Somaliland and British East Africa (Map: .Africa. .J 4). It enters the Indian Ocean at the tcHvn of Kismayu. close to the equator. There is a dangerous bar at its mouth. The stream is of uneven flow. The country of the lower Juba is generally level and arid. Little was known of its headstreams until the last decade of the nineteenth century. The Ganana is formed by the Ganale Gudda and the Cianale Guracha. The former rises at a high elevation in latitude 7° .30' X, and longitude .39° E.. in South- ern Abyssinia. Tlie Web has its source in the Worgoma Mountains. JUBA (Lat.. from Gk. 'M/3as. lohas). The name of two African kings whose history is associated with the contest between Caesar and Pompey and the earlier years of Augustus's reign. (1) Kijig of Numidia. who sided with the party of Pomjiey. and in B.C. 49 cut to pieces a Roman army under Curio, a friend of Cipsar. He then aided the Pompeian leaders, Scipio and Cato ; but when the battle of Tliapsus destroyed all their hopes (April 6, B.C. 46), .Juba committed suicide. ( 2 ) Son of the pre- ceding, taken to Rome as a boy by Ctesar, and given a good education. Octavius (afterwards Augustus C;esar) restored to him the kingdom of his father in n.c. 30. and gave him a daughter of Antonius and Cleopatra as his wife. Five years later, when Xumidia was made a Roman province. Juba was compensated with the King- dom of Mauretania, where he ruled until his death in B.C. 19. He was the author of works on Libyan and Roman history, and on the history of painting, all of which are lost. JUB.ffi'A (Neo-Lat., from Jiihn, ancient King of Xumidia). A genus of palms of the same tribe as the cocoanut. Jiihtrn spectahilis is a native of Chile, which sometimes attains a height rf 60 feet, and has a wide-spreading crown of pinnate leaves. This is cut ofl" to obtain the sap which flows freely for several months if a fresh slice of the top be cut off each morning. A good tree will yield ninety gallons of sap. which when boiled down to a thick syrup receives the name of miel de palma (palmhonev), and is an important article in the domestic economy of the country. The Jub*a is, in fact, the jaggery palm of Chile. The nuts are edible and the tree is useful in a number of other ways. See Caryota. JUBBULPORE, jabTiiil-por'. See Jabalpuk. JUBBULPORE HEMP. An East Indian fibre plant. See C'ROT.L.iRi.. JUBILATE (Lat., make a joyful noise). (1) A name given to the third S"unday after Easter from the opening words of the 60th Psalm used in the mass on that day. ( 2 ) In the Church of England and the Protestant Episcopal Church, the 100th Psalm used as a chant in the morning service immediately before the Creed. JUBILEE (OF. juhile, Fr. juVile, from Lat. jnhilwus, from Heb. yobel, blast of a trumpet). An occasion of extraordinary spiritiuil privileges in the Roman Catholic Chiirch. The name and the fundamental idea are borrowed from the old Hebrew custom. (See Jubilee,' Year of.) The principal characteristic of the jubilee is the sol- enm oft'ering to the faithful of a plenary in- dulgence (see I^-dulge.ce) on special terms. An extraordinary jubilee is proclaimed as a rule for a short period, and may be either for the whole Church or for definite localities. The or- dinary jubilees, which now occur every twenty- five years, are proclaimed first for Rome, lasting a year, and then for the rest of the world during the following year. The beginning of the jubilee is marked bj' the opening with great solenmity of the 'holy door' in Saint Peter's, where the Pope officiates, while tliree legates perform a. similar ceremony at the churches of Saint .John Lateran, Santa Maria ilaggiora, and Saint Paul Without the Walls. This takes place after the first vespers of Christmas, and the doors are closed again in like manner a year later. Besides the plenary indulgence, to gain which, in addi- tion to the usual conditions, a number of visits to prescribed churches are required, special privi- leges are given to confessors to absolve penitents from all sins (with one small group of excep- tions), even those usually reserved to the Pope or bishops, and to commute or sometimes to dispense from simple vows. The origin of this observance is traced to Pope Boniface VIII., who issued, for the year 1300. a bull granting a plenary indulgence to all pilgrim visitors to Rome during that year, on condition of their penitently confessing their sins and visit- ing the Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul. fifteen times if strangers, and thirty times if residents of the city. The invitation was ac- cepted with marvelous enthusiasm. Innumerable troops of pilgrims from every part of the world flocked to Rome. Giovanni Villani. a contem- porary chronicler, states that the constant num- ber of pilgrims in Rome, not reckoning those' who were on the road going or returning, during the enfire year, never fell below 200.000. As instituted by Boniface, the jubilee was to have been held every hundredth year. Clement VI., in compliance with an earnest request from the people of Rome, abridged the time to fifty years. His jubilee accordingly took place in 1350. and was even more numerously attended than that of Boniface, the average ntimber of pilgrims until the beat of summer suspended their frequency.