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* JOWETT. 305 JUAN FERNANDEZ. •of Roman Catiiolicism for a time, but a reaction tet in ^^■hicll took him far into liberal theology. The publication in 1855 of his edition of the Epis- tles to the Thessalonians, Galatians, and Romans, with the accompanying essays, raised a storm of protest ; and when in the same year he was ap- pointed to the regius professorship of Greek, his opponents made a strong manifestation against him and succeeded for ten years in preventing him from receiving the full income of the ollico. His essay on the "Interpretation of Scripture," published in Esfsaijs and /?ei:i'eics (1800), com- mitted him still more definitely to the Broad- Church movement. His most important and fornjative work, however, was done as master of Balliol from 1870 until his death, and as vice- chancellor of the university from 1882 to 1886; an extraordinary personal influence over his pu- pils, many of whom occupied later the foremost places in English public life, and a broad con- ception of the functions of the college and the university enabled him to do much toward shap- ing the life and thought of his generation. He never aspired to be the leader of a school either in religion or in philosopln', but in many ways, as when he launched T. H. Green upon the study of Hegel, he affected the movements of others. Of great importance to scholars are his transla- tions with notes of Plato's Dialor/ucs (4 vols., 1871) and Republic (3 vols.. 1894) '; of .4ristotle's Politics (2 vols., 1885), and of Thucydides (2 vols., 1881). Two volumes of sermons also ap- peared in 1899 and 1901. Consult his Life arid .Letters, by Abbott and Campbell (2 vols.. London, 1897) and more Letters (ib., 1899) ; Tollemache, Benjamin Jowett, Master of Balliol (ib., 1895) ; Ward, W. G. Ward and the Oxford Morement (ib., 1889) ; and essays in Swinburne, f<tiidies in Prose and Poetry (ib., 1894), and Stephen, ■Studies of a Biographer (ib., 1898). JOWF, jouf, or DJOWF. An oasis in the northern part of Arabia, between the Shammar and the Syrian deserts. It has a fertile and well- watered soil, producing dates and other southern fruits. The population is estimated at 40,000. The chief settlement, El-Djof or Djowf-Amir, con- tains about 500 dwellings, and is surrounded by a stone wall. East of El-Djof lies Sekakah, with about 000 dwellings and fine gardens. Jowf is also the name of a district in Southern Arabia to the east of Yemen. JOY, Charles Ar.d (1823-91). An Ameri- can chemist, born in Ludlowville, N. Y., and edu- cated at Union College and at the law department of Harvard College. He was employed for a time on the United States Geological Survey of the district in the Lake Superior region, studied at the universities of Berlin and Gottingen. and in 1852 received from the latter the degree of Ph.D. After further study in Paris, he returned to .America and occupied the chair of chemistry at Union College until 1857, when he was called to a similar position at Columbia, where he remained lor twenty years. He was a member of many scientific societies; was in 1866 made president of the Lyceum of Natural History, which developed into the Xew York .cademy of Sciences; con- tributed to many periodicals; and was one of the editors of the Scientific American and the Journal of Applied Chemistry. JOY, TnoM.s (1010-78). .An .American cnlo- Tiist. He was born in Norfolk County, Eng., came to America in 1635, and settled in Boston, where for many j'ears he was an architect and builder. He took part in the "Child ilemorial" agitation of 1646 against the civil and ecclesiastical sys- tem of Massachusetts, and after suffering fines and imprisonment, along with his associates, he lived until 1657 at Hingham, after which he again lived in Boston. In 1057, also, he built the town house of Boston, the first important public edi- fice in New England. JOYCE, Robert Dwyeb (1836-83). An Irish- Arnerican poet and physician, born in Limerick County. He was educated there and in Dublin, where he went to practice, and taught English literature at the same time. In 1860 he emi- grated to Boston and published afterwards Leg- ends of the Wars in Ireland (1868), Fireside titories of Ireland (1871). Ballads of Irish Chiv- alry (1872), Blanid (1879) ; but his best poem is the epic Deirdre, issued in the No Name Series (1876). JOYETJSE ENTRfeE, zhwil'ez' axtra' (Fr., Joyous Entry). .Vn ancient provincial charter of privileges of Brabant, the Blyde Inkomst, which every duke from the time of Wenceslas, in 1355, was obliged to ratify before his entrance into the capital. This constitution provided that the prince of the land should not further increase the authority of the clerical State ; that he should prosecute citizens and foreign residents only in the ordinary courts; that he should appoint no foreigners to office in Brabant ; and that, in case of violation of these provisions, the oaths of alle- giance should be void. The abrogation of the Joyeuse Entree by .Joseph II. (q.v.) in 1789 led to an uprising in the Austrian Netherlands. It was ratified for the last time bv Emperor Francis II. in 1792. Consult Motley, 'lUsc of the Dutch liepublic. JOYNES, joinz, Edward Southet (1834—). An American educator. He was born in Ac- comac County, Va., and was educated at the University of Virginia, where he taught classics for a time, and then at Berlin. In 1858 he be- came professor of Greek at Yilliam and Mary College. After holding a post in the Confederate civil service he was professor of modern lan- guages from 1866 to 1875 at Washington College (now Washington and Lee University), Lexing- ton, Va. There he did much for academic or- ganization, and was influential in introducing English to a prominent place in the curriculmn. After three years at Vanderbilt L'niversity. and five in the University of Tennessee, in 1883 he became professor of French and German in South Carolina College. Pi'ofessor Joynes took a promi- nent interest in public and secondary school work, and was editor of a series of modern language text-books, of which the .Joynes-Meissner Ger- man Grammar (1887) is best known. JTJAN, iiwiin, Dox. See Dox .Tlax. JUAN FERNANDEZ, fer-nan'dath (called also iI.s-A-TiEKK.). .A. group of small islands in the Pacific belonging to the Province of Val- paraiso. Chile, and situated 350 miles west of tJie city of Valparaiso (Jlap: World. Western Hemisphere. N 12). It consists of the larger islands of Juan Fernandez or iras-a-Tierra (36 square miles) in the east. Mas-aFuera (33 S(|uare miles) in the west, and the islet of Santa Clara. The islands are of volcanic origin, and reach in Miis-a-Fuera an altitude of over 6000