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* JOURNEYMAN. 303 JOVANOVIC. look forward to the independent position of master. As industry became more complex and required a greater outlay for the necessary tools and materials, the possibility of attaining master- ship practicalh' disappeared, and the journey- men became a permanent class of skilled wage- earners. See Guild. JOUSTS, justs (OF. josfe, joiiste. It. giostra, from OF. jiistcr, josler, jouster. It. giostrare, to joust, from JIL. juxlare, to approach, tilt, from Lat. juxta, near). Contests on horseback, en- gaged in as trials of strength in the Middle Ages by knights and nobles. In the jousts the com- batants engaged one another singl}', each against his antagonist, and not in a troop, as in the tour- nament (q.v.). The lance was the weapon chiefly used. JOUTEL, zhofj'tel', Hexri (c.lGoO-?). A French explorer, born in Rouen, the son of a gardener in the emploj' of Henri Cavelier. an uncle of La Salle (q.v.). During his youth he was a soldier, but joined La Salle"s expedition, which left France in 1G84 to found a colony at the mouth of the ilississippi. When La Salle started through the wilderness for Canada, where he hoped to secure aid. he left .Joutel in command of the post. Saint Louis, which he had established on what proved to be an estuary on the coast of Texas. .loutel's administration was disturbed by plots and intrigues, the colonists being thor- oughly disheartened. After La Salle's return the discontent increased, and finally in IGS" La Salle made a second and more determined attempt to reach Canada. Accompanied by his brother .Jean, his two nejihews Jloranget and Cavelier. .Joutel, and about fifteen others, he again started from the little colony: but scarcely two months later. while encamped on a branch of the Trinity River in Texas, La Salle. Moranget, and two others were assassinated by four or five malcontents. Joutel and those of his companions who were loyal to La Salle were forced to conceal their horror at this deed, fearing a like fate for themselves; and the whole party pushed on to the Cenis villages, which had been the farthest point reached by La Salle in his first attempt. Here they remained for some time, the nuirderers not caring to enter Canada, where justice awaited them, and being equally unwilling to allow the others, who might become witnesses against them, to proceed on their journey. At last, however, the assassins quarreled among themselves, and this afforded the others a chance to escape. After more than two months of travel through the wilderness. Joutel and his companions finally reached the Jlississippi. which they ascended to the Illinois, where they spent the winter at Fort Saint Louis on the Illinois. The next spring they pushed on to Canada, and took ship to France. .loutel wrote a Journal liis- torique dii dernier voyage que feu il. de la Salle fit danf! le Golfe de Mexique (1713). which is probably the most trustworthy account of the expedition. JOUVENET, zhnn'v'-na'. .Tean (1644-1717). A French painter, born at Rouen. He was the most celebrated of a family of painter-sculptors, and was the son and pipil of Laurent .Touvenet, called the Younger (lOnO-Sl). He afterwards worked with Charles Lebrun. whom he assisted ■with the decorations of Versailles from ICGl to 16S0. He soon became well known, and was suc- cessively member (1675), professor (1687), and perpetual rector of the Royal Academy of Paint- ing and Sculpture (1707). The deatli of Lebrun placed him at the head of the French School. His large, finely composed pictures are in the manner of Tintoretto. His subjects are historical, reli- gious, and mythological, and he also painted por- traits. There are paintings by him in the Louvre, such as a "Descent from the Cross," "Jesus Cur- ing the Sick,-' and "The Miraculous Draught of Fishes;" a fresco, "Les Douze Apiitres," in the Invalides; and a "Visitation," in Notre Dame. Many of his works have been engraved, notably by Gaspard Duchange. JOUY, zhoo'e', Victor Joseph Etienne de (1764-1846). A French author, bonr at Jouy, near Versailles. In early lite he served in the army, and afterwards took an active part in the troubles of the Revolution. In 1815 he was made a member of the Academy, and in 1830 librarian of the Louvre. After 1797 he devoted himself to literature. His works include the opera texts. La Vestale (1807), music by Spontini ; Lcs Ahen- ccrages (1813), music by Chenibini; and G«!7- lauine Tell (1829), music bv Rossini; two trage- dies, Tippo ,^aib (1812) and Sylla (1822); and his most important writings, several series of sketches, which first aj)pearcd in the Ga::clte de France. These were collected under the following titles: L'hermite de la Chaussce d'Aniin (1812- 14), Le frane-parleur (1814), L'hermite de la Guifane (IS16). L'hermite en province (1818-27), and. with Antoine Jouv, I^es hermites en prison (1823) and Les hermites en liberie (1824). He was also the editor of several journals. He pub- lished an edition of his own (Euircs completes in 1823-28. JOVANOVIC, yo-vji'no-vfch, Jov.>r ( 1833- 1004) . A Servian poet and journali.st. well known by his pseudonym, Zmaj. He was born at Xeu- satz. where he became notary ( 1801 ), after study- ing law and jurisprudence at Pesth. Prague, and Vienna. In 1861 and 1862 he was editor of .yoror; then took up the study of medicine at Pesth, and, after spending si.x years there, practiced medi- cine in Neusatz, in several other cities, and espe- cially in Belgrade, from which he moved to Vienna. His poetical work, both lyric and hu- morous, appeared in many periodicals. In 1864 he founded the humorous Zmaj and used the name afterwards as a pseudonym. In 1866 his play Saran appeared. Six years later, after the death of his wife and daughter, he ])ublished Dju- lici ureoci. He edited Illustrovana ratna kro- niUa (1877-78) during the war between Russia and Turkey; founded the In^norous periodical Htarinali (1878) and the juvenile .Vcroi (1880). A volume of selections from his poems (1880) contains a biographical sketch. JOVANOVIC, Stepiiax, Baron von (1S28- 85). An Austrian general, born at Pazariste. He entered the army when he was seventeen ; took part in the Italian campaign of 1848. and in 1852 was transferred to the military diplo- matic corps. He served as consul-general in Bosnia (1861-65), and after his return to the army (1865) fought in Italy in the following year, and as brigade conmiander in the Dalma- tian uiirising of 1869. In 1878 he was intrusted with the task of occupying Herzegovina, accom- plished it in a few days, and became military governor of the dependency. He put down the