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* JOURNALISM. 301 JOURNALISM. periodicals until today the students of neariy every American college support from one to a dozen periodicals. In recent j-ears the institu- tion has worked downward to the preparatory schools as well, and many of these maintain successful school papers modeled on the college publications. The first American college periodical was the Gazette, published at Dartmouth in the vear 1800. Daniel Webster, of the class of 1801, vas its editor. The Yule Literary Cabinet was pub- lished in 1806 by the senior class of that year, and this was followed by the Harvard Lampoon, in 1812. The oldest college paper now in exist- ence is the Yale Literary Magazine, which dates from 18.36. In the twenty years preceding that date there were born and died at Yale, besides the Literary Cabinet, the Athenwum, Crayon, Hitting-Iioom, Students' Companion, Gridiron, and Medley. Next to the Yale 'Lit.,' the paper which has had the longest existence is the Nassau Literary Magazine, founded in Princeton in 1842. The number of publications which have enjoyed only a temporary existence during the hundred years of college journalism is imknown, but it must have been very large. According to the best information obtainable, Amlierst now sup- ports 4 college papers. Brown 4. California 5, Columbia 9, Cornell 7, Hai--ard 10, ilichigan 7, ^Minnesota 4, Pennsylvania 8, Princeton 5, Leland Stanford 5, Tulane 5, Virginia 3, Williams 4, and Yale 8, and about the same ratio in number of publications to the attendance is maintained at other colleges. College journalism is represented by periodicals devoted to (1) literary matter exclusively; (2) news and some literary matter; (3) news and comment: (4) the comic and burlesque; (5) his- torical record; (0) the interests of certain de- partments or professional schools; and (7) the interests of the alumni. The typical forms are the daily, weekly, monthly, and annual, though there are many intermediate forms, like the semi- weekly, bi-weekly, or quarterly. The most pop- ular forms of the college paper to-day are the daily and weekly, the weekly performing the same service in the smaller college that the daily does in the university, that of a newspaper pure and simple. The first venture in the field of dailj' journalism was made by the Harvard Eclw, now Crimson, in 1879, and it was followed im- mediately by the Cornell Daily Sun and the Ya'e Daily News. A college daily is now published in about a dozen universities of the country, including, besides the three already mentioned, the IJroicn Herald (1892); the Daily Californian, organized as a weekly; the Berklryan, in 1874 and as a daily in 1897: the University of Michi- gan Daily (1890); the University of Minnesota Daily (1900); the Pennsylvanian (1883); the Daily Princetonian ; the Daily Palo Alto, at Stanford University; the Wisconsin Cardinal; the Daily Maroon, at the University of Chicago (1902): and the Columbia Spectator, the suc- cessor of the Acta Columbiana, and for many years a bi-monthly, reorganized as a daily in 1902. The Tulane Spirit is an example of dailies that have had a brief existence, while the Scar- let and Black (Iowa College) and the Broun and White (Lehigh University) are examples of semi- weekly papers which will eventually fall into the class of dailies. The typical daily is a four- page paper, devoted entirely to news, and is an important factor in student affairs. Tlie Cali- fornian is a six-page paper, twice a week. The circulation ranges from 800 to 2500 copies a day, with substantial profits. The weekly paper is exemplified by the Am- herst Student (1807), the Dartmouth, the Ham- ilton Life, the Kansas University Weekly, the Lafayette (1870), the liutgers Targum. the Syra- cuse University V.'ecldy (1900), the Texan, the Olive and Blue (Tulane University, 1897), Col- lege Topics (University of Virginia), the Wil- liams Weekly, the University of Chicago Weekly, the Barnard Bulletin, the Notre Dame Scholastic, the Tech (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), the Triangle (New York Univer- sity), and the Wesleyan Argus. Most of these are devoted entirely to news, but a few include some literary matter, and several, as the Cali- fornia Occident (1881), are entirely literary in ■character. Monthly magazines include the Amherst Lit- erary Monthly (188G), the Brunonian (Brown University, 1829), the California Magazine (1895), the Columbia Literary Monthly, the Cornell Era (1868), which absorbed the Cornell .Magazine in 1900, the Dartmouth Magazine (1892), the Hamilton Literary Monthly, the Harvard Monthly (1885), the University of Kansas Oread (1900), the Lafayette Touchstone (1896), the Michigan Inlander, the Minnesota Magazine, the Red and Blue (University of Pennsylvania, 1886), the Nassau Literary Maga- zine (1842), the Syracuse Herald (1872), the University of Virginia Magazine (1840), the Williams Literary Monthly (1885). and the Ya'a Courant. In addition to the Hamilton Life, the official publication of the fraternities, the non- fraternity men at Hamilton publish about six times a year the Review. The Harvard Illus- trated Magazine, monthly (1899), is a new de- parture in college journalism. The Trinity Tablet (1868) is published every three weeks; the Harvard Advocate (1866)," the Vermont Cynic, the Chaparral and Sequoia at Leland Stanford University are bi-weeklies, and tlia Columbia Morningside is a tri-weckly. Among the more important papers publislied at women's colleges are the Mount Holyoke. Wellesley Maga- zine, Radeliffe Magazine, Wells College Chronicle, Smith College Monthly, and Vassar Miscellany. The humorous college papers are few in num- ber and generally conducted on the lines of the New York Life rather than of Puck or Judge. !n fact. Life may be said to be the outgrowth of the college humorous magazines, since it was actually established by former editors of the Harvard Lampomi. and its success was due to Lampoon men and former editors of the Co- lumbia Spectator and Ada Columbiana. I?e- sides the Harvard Lampoon, established in 1876, the most important humorous college papers are the Cornell Widow, the University of Michigan Wrinkle, the Yale Record, all bi- weekly : the Princeton Tiger, monthly, and the Columbia .lester. a bi-weekly. In 1900 the Punch Bowl was started at the University of Pennsyl- vania as a monthlv humorous magazine. At the L'niversity of California the literary monthly publishes a humorous illustrated supplement called the Axe. Alumni news is sent out in some form from many colleges, often by the faculty in the form of a weekly, monthly, or quarterly magazine.