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* JONSON. 286 JOBDAENS. suit, also, Ward, A History of Engliih Dramatic Literature, revised ed. (London, 18'J'J) ; l''leay, English Drama (London, 1S'.>1); Koeppel, Qini- leii-aiiidieii zii den Uratncn lieit Junsiins (Lfipzig, 1895) ; Soergel, Die Englischcn Maskenapiele <HaIle, 1882) ; Drydcn, Essay on Dramatic I'ocsif (IOCS); Symonds, Life of Jonson (in Kn<;li.sh Wortliies Series, London, 1880) ; and Swinburne, tiiiiihi ,if .hntson (ib., 1889). JONSSON, yon'son, FiXNiR (1704-89). An Icelandic bishop and historian. He was born at Hitardal, was educated at the University of Co- penhagen, and was appointed Bisliop of Skalholt in 1754. Of his numerous works in Latin and Icelandic the most valuable is llistoria Ecclesi- astica Islandica (4 vols., 1772-79). JOP'LIN. A city and one of the county-seats of Ja>pLr C'ounty, ilo., 140 miles south of Kansas City; on the Missouri Pacific, the St. Louis and San Francisco, the Kansas City Southern, and the ^Missouri, Kansas and Texas railroads (Map: Missouri, B 4). It is of considerable commercial importance as the distributing point for a large agricultural district, but is known principally for its extensive mining interests, being the trade centre of the vast zinc and lead fields of south- western ^Missouri. The output of the mining district in 1901 was valued at $7,972,000; for 1902. the estimated value was $9,500,000. The industrial establishments include smelting-works. paint-works, white-lead works, large foundries and machine-shops, and flouring-mills. Among the more notable structures are the court-house, the opera house, several hotels, and the Voung ilen's Christian Association building. A Fed- eral Government building ($155,000) and a Carnegie library are (1903) in course of construction. The government is administered, under the general statutes of 1889, revised in 1S99. by a mayor, elected every two years, and a unicameral council. The board of education constitutes an independent department, consist- ing of six members, two elected each year on a separate ticket. Of the other officials, the mar- shal (chief of police), city attorney, police judge, treasurer, assessor, and collector are chosen by popular election ; the city counselor, clerk, en- gineer, and president of the council are elected by the council ; and the sewer inspector, police, fire chief, firemen, and street commissioners are ap- pointed by the executive, subject to the consent of the coimcil. The light plant is owned by the n^unicipality. The city has an assessed valuation of $4,200,000, while its debt is less than 2 per cent, of this amount. Settled about 1S70. .Toplin was first incorporated in 187.3. Since 1890 it has grown rapidly. Population, in 1880, 7038; in 1800, 9943; in 1900, 20,023. JOP'PA (Heb. Yupho, beauty). The biblical name of the seaport of .Jerusalem, the modern Jaffa. It was a very ancient Phienician town and was fabled to be the place where Andromeda (q.v.) was chained to the rocl<. It is mentioned in Egyptian and Assyrian inscriptions. In the Old Testament it is referred to as part of the lot of Dan (.Joshua xix. 46), as the place where timber from Lebanon was landed for transporta- tion to Jerusalem (II. Chion. ii. If!; Ezra iii. 7), and the port at which Jonah took passage for Tarshish (Jonah i. 3). It was the home of Dorcas (Acts ix. 36-42), and at the house of Simon the tanner Peter received the vision which he interpreted to mean that Gentiles as well as .Jews were to be admitted to the Christian Church (Acts .X. 1-23). Joppa was a point of iniporlance and sulVcred much in the ilaccabean and Koman wars. It was made a bishop's see under Constan- tine, and attained great prosperity in the time of the Crusades, when it became one of the landing- places of the warriors of Christendom. It was stormed by the French in 1799, and .a sliameful massacre of Turkisli prisoners was then perpe- trated. See .Jaffa. JOEDAENS, yor'diins, jACon (1593-1678). A Flemisli historical, genre, and portrait painter, one of the chief masters of tile school. He was born at Antwerp, ilay 19, 1593, the son of a cloth-mercliant. He was a pupil of Adam van JS'oort, the master of Rubens, and remained with that master when liis other pupils left him, finally marrying his daughter. In 1615 he was admitted to the Guild of Saint Luke as a painter in water-colors, though most of his work was in oils. He was unable to travel in Italy, as did most Flemish painters of his day; but this had the advantage of making him more essentially Flemish. He was influenced by Rubens, and associated with him in work, but there is no evidence to show that he was his pupil. Rubens gave hini a commission for a series of cartoons for tapestry, which he had received from the King of Spain. Jordaens also painted '"Vertumnus and Pomona" fdr this monarch, as well as a pic- ture for Charles I. of England (1640), and a passion suite for Charles Gustavus of Sweden (1665). In 1052 he decorated the palace of the widow of Frederick Henry of Orange, Stadth<ddcr of Holland, near Scheveningen. These mural paintings are his best works. The principal one represents the "Triumph of the Stadt holder," who is seated in a triumjihal car drawn by four white horses. It is imposing in effect and masterly in treatment. Jordaens had a large number of pupils, who assisted him in his work, and on the death of Rubens he was considered the chief painter of his time. He had a fine house at Antwerp, filled with works of art. Not- withstanding his numerous commissions for the Catholic clergy, he was an ardent Calvinist, and suff'ered no little persecution for his faitli. He died in Antwerp, October 18, 1G78. The characteristics of the Flemish School, its exaggerated treatment of form and crude humor, are more evident in Jordaens than in any other painter. Like Rubens, he painted in full light red healthy faces, and figures inclined to corpulency. His color was even warmer and more harmonious than that of his great contemporary, and his pic- tures possess a peculiar and eftective golden glow. His excessive realism, however, often descends into coarseness. He was a most prolific painter, his works abounding in all the principal European galleries. Among his chief religious and mythological paintings are "Christ Chasing the Money Lenders from the Temple" and the "Four Evangelists" in the Louvre; the "Entombment of Christ," the "Last Supper," "Commerce and Industry Protect- ing the Arts," "Pegasus," the "Divine Law Pro- tecting Human Law," in the Museum of Antwerp; the "Martyrdom of Saint Apollonia." "Saint Charles Borromeus Praying for the Pest-Stricken at Milan," and "Saint .James," in the Church of the Augustinians. Antwerp. Others are in the ^luseum of Brussels, The Hague, Brunswick, Cas-