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* JOHNSTOWN. 267 JOINERY. named, in 1771, alter Sir William Johnson, -n-hose mansion, erected in 17G1-02, is still standing; was incorporated as a village in 18U8; and was chartered as a city in 1895. It was the scene of many important councils with the Indians, and in "the- fall of 1781 a small American force under Col. ilarinus Wiliett defeated here a small British force under ^lajor Rose, the latter losing about 60 in killed, wounded, or captured. Be- sides Johnson Hall, there are two buildings of historic interest — the court-house and the jail, both built in 1772. A public-library building has been presented to the city by Andrew Carnegie. Johnstown has extensive manufactures of gloves and mittens, knit underwear, and gelatin. As provided under the original city charter, tl)e gov- ernment is vested in a mayor, elected every two years, who appoints the chief of police and chief of fire department, and a unicameral council, of which the executive is a member. The school and water boards are independently elected by the people. Johnstown owns and operates its water- works. Population, in 1890, 7708; in 1900, 10,130. Consult Frothingham, History of Fulton Count;/ (Syracuse, 1892 ) JOHNSTOWN. A city in Cambria County, Pa., 76 miles east of Pittsburg; on the Pennsyl- Aania and at the terminus of a branch of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (Map: Pennsyl- vania, C 3). It occupies, at an elevation of about 1200 feet, an area of five square miles, being situated in the irregular and narrow valley formed by the confluence of Stony Creek and the Conemaugh River. Among public buildings of no*e are the Conemaugh Valley Memorial Hos- pital, the Cambria Free Library (with over 14,000 volumes), the high school, and the city hall. There are 23 acres of public parks, and Grand View Cemetery is of special interest as the burial-place of 800 unidentified victims of the disastrous flood of 1889. The city is well known as the centre of an extensive iron and steel industry, the Cambria Steel Company alone employing some 10,000 men. The Lorain Steel Company also has a large iron and steel plant here. Besides the manufactures of iron and steel rails, street cars, iron plate, etc., there are planing- mills, brickyards, pottery and cement works, breweries, furniture factories, and other indus- trial establishments. Coal, iron ore, fire-clay, and limestone are found in the vicinity. Found- ed in 1791. .Johnstown was incorporated in 1889, its population then being about 25.000. On May 31, 1889, as a result of heavy rains, the dam across the South Fork, a branch of the Cone- mavigh River, 12 miles directly east of the city, but more than 18 miles along the stream bed. was carried away, thus releasing Conemaugh Lake, a Imdy of water 2^^ miles long. 1^^ miles wide at its greatest width, and in many places as much as 100 feet deep. The valley was quickly engulfed. .Johnstown and surrounding villages were submerged. 2235 lives were lost, and prop- erty worth, according to some estimates, as much as ten millions of dollars was destroyed. (See Dams and Reservoibs.) Aid poured in from all parts of the country, fully .$3,000,000 in cash and material being contributed, and the city was quickly rebuilt and has gi'own steadilv. Popula- tion, in 1890, 21.805: in 1900. 35.936." JOHORE, jA-hOr'. A semi-independent State, occupying the southern extremity of the }*lalay Vol. XI.— 18. Peninsula, and covering an area of 6850 square miles. It is governed by a sultan, and in former times, before the Dutch occupation, possessed many of the adjacent islands, including Singa- pore. By a treaty, concluded in 1885, the foreign afl'airs of -Johore are controlled by Great Britain. The population is estimated at 200.000. The capital, Johore Bahru, is a small town with many modern conveniences and a beautiful palace. JOIE DE VIVRE, zhwil de ve'vr'. La (Fr., The -loy of Life). A sombre romance by Emile Zola (1884), forming the twelfth volume in the Rougon-Macquart series, bringing into play the contrast between Pauline's health and sanity and Lazare's incurable despair and fear of death. JOIGNEAUX, zhwa'nyo', Piebre (1815-92). A French journalist, agronomist, and politician, bom at Varennes, Cote-d'Or. He was educated at the Parisian Central School of Arts and Manu- factures, and entered into political journalism in opposition to the Government of Louis Phi- lippe as an editor of the Journal dii Peuple. For his connection with L'homme Libre, he was put in jail for four years (1838-42), and thus gained the material for Lcs prisons de Paris (1841). Joigneaux became a member of the Constituent Assembly, and edited the Feuille du Village (1849-51) ; but was banished to Belgium (1851-59), and on his return occupied himself with writing, chiefly upon agricultural subjects. In 1871 he was elected to the National Assembly, and he was several times reelected Deputy. In 1889 he was elected to the Senate. His books include: Histoire anecdotique des professions en France ( 1843 ) ; Les paysans sous la royaute (1850-51); Dictionnaire d'agricultiire pratique (1835) ; L'agriculture dans la Campine (1859) ; Legumes et fruits (1860) ; Conseils a la jeune fermiire (1861) ; Culture de la vigne et fabrica- tion, des vins en Bclgique (1862); Pisciculture et culture des eaux (1864) ; Xourelles lettres aux paysans (1871); Les ephemerides Joigneaux (1878) ; Monoqraphie de la commune de Ruffeu- lez-Beaume (1888). JOINDER (Fr. joindre, OF. joindre, juindre, from Lat. jungere, to join ; connected with Gk. ^evyvimi, zeugnynai, Skt. yuj, to join, and ulti- mately with OChurch Slav, igo, Lith. jungus, Goth, juk, OHG. joh, Ger Joch, AS. geoc. Eng. yoke). In pleading and practice, the joining or uniting together of parties, issues, or causes of action for the purpose of having a convenient and complete determination of an entire matter in controversy in one action. To entitle per.sons to be joined as parties plain- tiflT or defendant in an action, there must be some privity or mutuality of interest between them in respect to the claim or defense. The joining of causes of action in one .suit is per- mitted as a matter of convenience and to save multiplicity of suits. The chief requisite is that they shall be of the same general nature, and not be inconsistent. Issues are said to be joined when a fact or a conclusion of law is maintained by one party and controverted by the other. See Action; Issue : Pleadixc : Practice. JOINERY. The art of joining or framing to- gether the wooden interior finishings of buildings, such as the doors, windows, shutters, stairs, etc. It is, however, usually confined to dadoes, door