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* JOHNSTON. 265 JOHNSTON. JOHNSTON, Gabriel (1(399-1752). A co- lonial Governor of North Carolina. He was born in Scotland, and was at one time professor ot Oriental languages in the University of Saint Andre-ns, where he had received his education. In 17ii-t he was appointed Governor of North Carolina, through the intluence of the Earl of Wilmington, in whose honor he named an im- portant town of the Colon}-. In marked contrast to some of his predecessors, he showed himself a man of liberal views, with an earnest desire to promote the welfare of the people. During his administration, which lasted until his death in 1752, the population of the Colony increased about threefold. JOHNSTON, George (1797-1855). A British naturalist, born at Simprin, Scotland. He stud- ied medicine with Dr. Abererombie; graduated at the University of Edinburgh in 1819, and practiced his profession at Berwick-on-Tweed. Besides numerous contributions to the Edinburgh Philosophical Journal and other scientific period- icals, he published: History of British Zoophytes (18.38) ; History of British tiponges and Lytho- phytes (1842); Introduction to Conchology (1850) ; and Terra Lindisfarnensis: The Natural History of Ihr Eastern Borders (1854). JOHNSTON, Sir H.rrt Hamilton (1858 — ). An African explorer, born in London. He was educated at Stockwell Grammar School, and King's College, London, and also studied at the Royal Academy of Arts (1876-80). In 1879 he traveled in Northern Africa, and three years afterwards, with the Earl ot Mayo, explored Portuguese West Africa and the Congo. In 1884 he was at the head of an expedition to ilount Kilimanjaro. He explored Nyassa and Tangan- yika in 1889 ; was appointed Commissary and Consul-General of Uganda in 1899; and in 1900 climbed Jlount Ruwenzori. His works, besides contributions on African ethnology, geography, and zoology to scientific and popular periodicals, especially the Proceedings of the Royal Geo- graphical Society (1883-90), are: Essays on the Tunisian Question (1880-81) ; The River Congo (1884) : Kilimanjaro (1885) ; The History of a Slave (1889) ; Life of Livingstone (1891) ; Brit- ish Central Africa (1807); A History of the Colonizaticm of Africa by Alien Races (1899); and The Uganda Protectorate (1902). JOHNSTON, .James Finlet Weir (1796- 1855). An English chemist, born at Paisley. He was educated at the University of Glasgow, and later studied chemistry under Berzelius. From 1833 until his death he was reader in chemistry and mineralogy at the University of Durham. In 1849-50 he spent several months in the United States, studying the agricultural conditions of the sections he visited. His writings on scien- tific agriculture, agricultural chemistry, and allied subjects comprise many volumes, and some of them have passed tlirougli a very large num- ber of editions. We may mention here his Cate- chism of Agricultural Chemistry and Geology (1844, and more than fifty subsequent editions in English, as well as translations into several foreign languages) ; Notes on North America, Agricultural, Economical, and Social (1851); and The Chemistry of Common Life (2 vols.), originally published in 1853-55, republished in 1859 and again in 1879. JOHNSTON, .Joseph Eggleston (1807-91). An eminent American soldier, prominent on the Confederate side during the Civil War. He was born in Prince Edward County, Va., February 3, 1807; graduated at West Point in 1829, being a class-mate of Robert E. Lee; was engaged for a time in garrison duty; took part in tlie Black Hawk War; and served in the Seminole War, for part of the time as aide to General Scott, until 1837, W'hen he resigned his commission and became a civil engineer. He reentered the army on July 7, 1838, as first lieutenant of topograph- ical engineers, and was brevetted captain on the same date for gallantry in the Seminole W'ar. In Septemoer, 1840, he was promoted to be cap- tain. In the Mexican War he served with dis- tinction throughout the Southern campaign; was appointed lieutenant-colonel of voltigeurs in April, 1847 ; and was brevetted major and colonel. United States Arm}', for his conduct at Cerro Gordo, where he was severely wounded. At the head of the voltigeurs Colonel Johnston took part in the storming of Chapultepec, and for gallantry was brevetted lieutenant-colonel. In 1853-55 he had charge of Western river improve- ments, and in March. 1855, was appointed lieu- tenant-colonel First United States Cavalry, after which he was engaged in various duties in L'tah, Kansas, and elsewhere. In June. 1860, he was appointed Quartermaster-General of the Army, with the rank of brigadier-general. On April 20, 1861, he resigned his commission, and was ap- pointed one of the first five brigadier-generals in the Confederate service. These five were soon afterwards made full generals. Jolmston with about 9000 men joined Beauregard at Manassas, and they defeated the Federal armv under Gen- eral JIcDowell at the first battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861. In the early part of the campaign of 1862 Johnston had command of all the Con- federate forces in Virginia, and as such was in charge of the early operations against McClellan in the Peninsular Campaign. At the battle of Fair Oaks. May 31. 1862, he was severely wound- ed, and for several months was disabled for ser- vice. On reporting for duty in November, he was assigned, notwithstanding the hostility of Presi- dent Jefferson Davis, to the Military Department of Tennessee. In April, 1863, he reported him- self still unfit for active service. Some weeks later, however, he made an attempt to relieve Vicksburg. then besieged by Grant, but was de- feated at .Jackson, on IMay 14th. After the defeat of Bragg by General Grant at Chattanooga, No- vember 24-25. 1863, Johnston was put in com- mand of all the forces of the Southwest. With 55,000 men he first occupied the fortified position of Dalton. Ga. General Sherman attacked him (May, 1864) with a superior force and com- pelled him to fall back to Resaca ; thence, after a severe battle, to Allatoona Pass, to Kenesaw Mountain, where Johnston heat back his assail- ants, and across the Chattahoochee. General Sherman then threatened his line of communi- cation with Atlanta, his base of supplies, and a place of great military importance. John- ston reached that city in July. 1SG4, and de- termined to hold it to the last : but the authorities at Richmond were dissatisfied, and on .July 17th ordered him to turn over his command to General Hood. Near the close of February, 1865. after Sherman had captured Atlanta and marched without opposition to