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* JOHNSON. 2G2 JOHNSON. 1899) ; Hill, Bosicell's Life of Johnson (G vols., Oxford, 1S87); id.. Dr. Johnson, Bis Friends and His Critics (London, 1878) ; Letters (Lon- don, 1892) ; and Johnsoniun Miscellanies (Kew York, 1897) ; the live.s of Johnson lv Stephen, in '•English Jlen of Letters Series" (Loudon. 1878) ; and (irant, in "Great Writers Series" ( London, 1887), ■nhioh contains a l)il)liograpliy ; and tliu famous essays by Jlacanlay and Carlyle. See also, I'.oswELL, James; and Piozzi, Mes. JOHNSON, Samvel (1S22-82). An Ameri- can clergAnian and reformer. He was born at Xorth Andover, Mass., and graduated at Harvard in 1842, and at the Harvard Divinity School in 1840. He preached for some time at Dorchester, but displeased his con{j;refration there by his oppo- sition to slavery. In 1851 he became ])astor of a 'free church' in Lynn, Mass., being independent in his religious opinions, though agreeing gen- erallj- with the Unitarians. He edited, jointly with Sanuiel Lougtelluw, a collection of sacred poetry entitled Hi/inns of the Spirit : and was author of The Worsliip of Jesus (18C8) and of Oriental Hcligion» — India {IS72), China (1877), Persia (1885). Consult Longfellow, Memoir of Samuel Johnson (Boston, L88,3). JOHNSON, Samuel (100(1-1772). An Ameri- can cducatiir. born at Guilford, Conn. He gradu- ated at Yale in 1714; became a tutor there in 171G, and in 1720 was ordained pastor at West Haven. Two years afterwards he was converted to Episcopacy: then spent some time in Eng- land: was settled at Stratford until 1754, when he took charge of King's College in New York City (now Columbia) ; and retired in 1703. John- son was an ardent ]io!emic and carried on long controversies in belialf of apostolic succession and divine sovereignty against Jonathan Dickin- son, Thomas Foxcraft. and John Graliam. He wrote; A System of Morality (1740; reprinted by Franklin as Etrmenin I'hilosophicti in 17.")2) ; Three Letters from a Minister of the Church of England to His Dissentinfi Parishioners (1733- 37): and an Enqlish and Ilebrcu- (Irammar (1707; 2d ed. 1771). Consult Cliandler's Life (London. 1824) ; and Life and Correspondence of Samitil Joliiison by Beardsley (New York, 1874). JOHNSON, Sami-el Fro.st (1835—). An American painter, born in Xew York City. He studied at the National Academy in his native city, at Diisseldorf, Antwerp, and the Ecole des Beaux -Arts, Paris. Afterwards he received further instruction from Edouard Fr&re at Ecouen (18fl.i-09). His paintings are genre, still life, and portraits. Among the latter may be espe- ciall.v mentioned "The Bouquet" (portrait of Lad.v Helena Blackwood). Among his other pic- tures are "Caught at It," "Study of an Interior." "Roasted Chestnuts." "Good Night," and "A Thirsty Party" (1876). JOHNSON, Samfei, William (1830—). An American .agricultural chemist, born at Kings- boro, N. Y. He was educated at the Scientific School of Yale College, and stiidied at the uni- versities of Leipzig and .Munich. He was made professor of analytical chemistry at the Yale Scientific School in 1856. tavight agricultural chemistry there from 1857 to 187.'i. and after 1875 acted as professor of theoretical and agri- cultural chemistry. From 1877 to 1900 he was also director of the Connecticut .Agricultural Ex- periment Station. In 1800 he became a member of the Connecticut Stale Board of Agriculture and of the National Academy of Sciences. His publications include: Essays on Manures (1859) ; Peat and Its Uses (1800): How Crops Grow (1808) ; Hon- Crops Feed (1870) ; Chemical No- tation and Nomenclature (1870). JOHNSON, Thomas (17.32-1819). An Ameri- can statesman, born at Saint Leonards, Md. He studied law in Annaiiolis; was a leader of the pre-Revolutionary agitation in Jlaryland; be- came a prominent member of the First Conti- nental Congress, to which he was reelected in 1770; moved the ap])ointment of Wash- ington as commander-in-chief (.June, 1775) ; and in 1770 was made brigadier-general of the militia of the province, going to W'ash- ington's relief in the winter of that year. Early in 1777 he was elected (Jovernor of Mary- land and held that oflice through 1779. acting with much energy and vigor in behalf of the Continental Congress and its forces. He was re- turned to the Provincial Congress in 1780, became a member of the House of Delegates in the same year, and urged severe measures against Mary- land Tories and the signing by the representa- tives of the province of the articles of confedera- tion, which they had ])rcviusly been forbidden to sign unless Virginia ceded her western Lauds to the I'nited St.ites. From 1781 to 1787 he sat in the Continental Congress; he became a supporter of the Constitution, and was a member of the ilaryland convention which ratified that instrument in 1789. Tliereafter he held high ju- dicial office in JIarylan<l : became associate in the United States Supreme Court (1791) : refused to succeed .John Kutledgc as Chief .Justice ; and in 1795 refused the portfolio of State. .Johnson was a member of the commission which laid out the city of Washington. JOHNSON, Thomas Gary (1859—). An American minister of the Presbvterian Church South. He was born at Fishbank Hill. W. Va., and studied at Hampden Sidney College, tlie L'nion Theological Seminary of Virginia, and at Yale. He was professor of exegesis in the Austin Theological Seminary of Texas (1888-90), of pastoral theology at L^nion Seminary. Virginia (1891-92), and then of ecclesiastical history there. He WTote A History of the Southern Presbyterian Church (1894) an<l flohn Calvin and the Genevan Heformation (1900). JOHNSON, Virginia Wales (1840-). An .merican author, born in Brooklyn. N. Y. She received her education at home, and through foreign travel, begun in 1870. and resulting in a permanent residence abroad after 1875. Her pub- lications, mainlv for young people, include: The Kettle Club Series "(1870) ; Joseph the Jem (1873); A Sack of Gold (1874); The Catskill Fairies (1875) ; The Caldevn-ood Secret (1875) ; The Neptune Vase (1881) : Tulip Place (1886) ; and The House of the Musician (1887). JOHNSON, W.1LTER Rogers (1794-18.52). An American chemist, born at Leominster, Mass. From 1839 to 1843 he was professor of physics and chemistry in the University of Pennsylvania. He devoted himself to studying the strength of materials and mechanical construction, and was often employed in consultation and as an expert in the construction of public works. In 1848 he was attached to the Smithsonian Institution, and in 1851 was sent to the first world's fair in Lon-