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* JOHN SIGISMUND. 254 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY. Sigismund was not a great man. What he did, ho did because of necessity; the new territories added to the HohenzoUern domains during lii.s administration wore secured not so much tlirougU his ell'orts as IhruuL'h tlioM' of his predecessors. JOHN WARD, PREACHER. A novel by Margaret Deland (1888), siniihir in chaiacter to Robert h'Isnicre. JOHNNY (.lean) CRAPAUD, kra'po'. A Frenrliiii:iM. See Natidnai. Xick.namks. JOHNNY DARTER. A fish. See Darter. JOHN'NY REB. A nickname used of the Southern soldiers by the Federal troops during the fivil War. JOHNNY VERDE, or Ju.x Verde. A nu- merous and excellent food-fish (I'uraUibrax nchit- lifcr) of the southern California coast. It is one of the" cabrillas, about 18 inches long, mottled greenish in color, and has the general charac- teristics of a rock-bass. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY. An in- slilutidu of liij;licr IcMniiuL' in J'.nlliuiore, Aid., founded by Johns Hopkins (q.v. ), who be- queathed over .$7,000,000 fur the establishment of a university and a hospital. The two institutions are closely alliliated. but each has its own funds and is controlled l>y .a distinct board of trustees. The university was incorporated August 24. 1SG7, several years before the founder's death, and in 1870 the first Board of Trustees was created. Early in 187-1 the tnistees began the work of organization, and at the end of that year elected a i)resident, Dr. Daniel Coit Oilman, who entered upon his duties in February, 187G. Instruction in the Department of Philosophy began in Octo- ber of the same year. Temporary buildings were provided in the heart of the city, and the site proved to be so convenient that the university has remained there for more than a quarter of a century. In Jlay, 1889, the Johns Hopkins Hospital ^■as opened, and the work of the .Johns Hopkins ^ledical School was inaugurated in ISO.'!. In 1002 a gift of a magnificent site in the suburbs of Baltimore was made, and an endowment fuid of $1,000,000 was presented to the university by the citizens of Baltimore. The university offers instruction to students of the following classes: (1) Under the faculty of philosophy; (a) college graduates and other advanced scholars, who may either proceed to the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in literature or science, or pursue their studies for any length of time at their own discretion-, (b) under- graduate students, who are candidates for the degree of Bachelor of Arts: these may pursue one of seven parallel grotips of studies; (e) students wlio have taken no degree and who desire to pursue work in the imiversity. with- out aiming at academic honors. (2) Under the faculty of medicine: (a) candidates for the degree of Doctor of Jledicine, for whom a four years' course is provided; (b) Doctors of Medicine de- siring to pursue special graduate courses. The undergraduate college was organized to meet the needs of those desiring '.a systematic discipline in liberal studies,' and since 1S7G nearly 1700 students have received the collegiate training. The undergraduate work is rendered effective by certain feattires of oriranization not found to the same degree elsewhere. These conditions in- clude the sharp distinction drawn between the disciplinary methods appropriate for undergrad- uate instruction and the Ircer methods of ad- vanced study; the group arrangement of studies; the opportunities oll'ered to students of excep- tional aiuiinments for carrying on work beyond that required for any degree; and the inlluence upon younger jjupils of the i)reseni'e of a large body of graduate scholars engaged in specialized work in the various branches of learning. The most striking characteristics of the .lohns Ilo[)- kins University, however, are the attractions oll'ered to advanced students and the instruction given to them in seminaries and laboratories. These features were made the prime consideration at the inception of the university at a time when the importance of pure university work did not receive its full measure of recognition in the United Sttites. The first president succeeded in associating with him a small number of eminent specialists whose high standards and enthusiasm carried the new institution successfully through its experimental period, and earned for it pri- macy- in its field. For the encouragement of research among .American students, the univer- sity annually awards a large number of fellow- ships and scholarships. Under the auspices of the university are published the American Jour- nal of Philology, the American Journal of Mathematics, the American Cheinicnl Journal. Memoirs from the liioloriical Laboratory, the fitudies in Historical and Political f^cicnce. Mod- ern Language Xotes, Contributions to Assyriology and Comparative Semitic Philology, and the Journal of Experimental Medicine. The government of the university is vested in a board of twelve trustees, with the president as an cx-offlcio member. In the Philosophical De- partment an academic council, consisting of the president and eight ])rofessors, is in supreme cliarge of the various departments of study, and exercises the right of appointing the fellows. A board of university studies, consisting of the president, eighteen professors, and sixteen asso- ciate professors, has charge of the instruction of graduate students and of the examination of candidates for the degree of Doctor of Philoso])hy. A board of collegiate advisers, consisting of the president, the dean of the college, and representa- tives from each of the cliief ilepartments of undergraduate study, directs the college work and conducts the examinations for the baccalau- reate degree. The Medical School, which is a de- partment of the university anu is at the same time closely connected with the .Johns Hop- kins Hospital, has had a most important influ- ence on the recent advances mad^ in medical edu- cation. The course extends through four years. For admission, the bachelor's dc'iee is required, or an equivalent course of jireliminary training in the liberal arts, and especially in three branches of science — ])hysics. chemistry. an<l biology. The principal buildings of the Philo- sophical Department are McCoy Hall, which con- tains the library, the chief assembly-room, and numerous apartments for literary and historical studies; Levering Hall, devoted to the work of the Young Alen's Cliristian .ssociation ; Hopkins Hall, devoted to geology- and iiiineralog'; the Chemical Labofatory: the Biological Labora- tory: the Physical Laboratory; the Gymnasium; and the Administration Building. The medical department is provided with four large and well- equipped laboratories: the Anatomical (known