Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/266

* JOHN. 240 JOHN. XVIII., 1003-09. He allecteJ a temporary recon- ciliation with the Church of Constantinople, and left the name of a learned and jjious man. He is said to have retired to a monastery to end his days, but it is not improbable that he was driven out by the son of Crescentius. — Joiix XIX., Pojia 1024-33, a Roman of the familj' of the counts of Tusculum. He succeeded his brother, Benedi<t VIII. He attempted to consolidate the renewed union with the East by conceding to' the Pa- triarch of Constantinople, in a sense, the title of Ecumenical; but the feeling of Western Chris- tendom was so strong against the concession that he was obliged to withdraw it, and the breach became wider than ever. He crowned the Enipe -or Conrad II. in the presence of the Eng- lisli iving Canute. His letters are in Jligne, Patrologia Latina, c.I. — John XX., often called John XXI., Pope 1270-77, a Spaniard. Peter by name, made Cardinal-Bishop of Frascati in 1273. He was a man of great learning, especially in philosophy and medicine. He left some treatises which are interesting contributions to the history of mediaeval medicine. His enemies accused him of dealing in magic arts, and considered his death by the fall of a ceiling as a judgment. John XXII., Pope 1316-'34, .lacqucs d'Euse, a native of Cabors, made Bishop of I'rcjus in 1300 and Cardinal-Bishop of Porto in 1312. He was chosen Pope after a vacancy of two years, and fixed his residence at Avignon. .-Kttempting to carry out, in very altered circumst:inces, the vast and comprehensive policy of Gregory VII. and Innocent III., he interposed in the contest for the Imperial crown between Louis of Bavaria and Frederick of Austria, in favor of the latter. He was involved in several other controversies of a more theological nature; that on the poverty of Christ, which sprang up among the Francis- cans (see Fr.ticellians) was partly connecteil with support given by the recalcitrant members of the order to Louis. His opinion that the just would not be admitted to the beatific vision until the general resurrection was vigorously opposed by many theologians, and he retracted it before his death. He endeavored to propagate the Christian faith in the most distant lands, and to promote a crusade, in which he was hindered by the con- stantly divided state of Christendom. He col- lected large sums for the treasury of the Church, but his own life was simple and ascetic. Con- sult: Verlaque, Jean XXIL. sa rie et ses auurcs (Paris, 1883) : .Souchon. Die Papstn<ihlen vun Bonifaz VIII. Ms Urban VI. (Brunswick, 1888) ; Friedensburg, Lvrliriij der Ilni/er vnd Friedrieh ron Oe.iterrcich (Gottingen, 1877). — •John' XXIII.. Pope 141015, Baldassarre Cossa. of a noble Neapolitan family. He was made cardinal in 1402. He took a prominent part in the Coun- cil of Pisa, and in the effort to terminate the great schism by the elevation of Pietro Philargi as Alexander V. On Alexander's death he was chosen by the same dubious authority. He called the Council of Constance ( q.v. ). by which he was deposed. He fled, but was captured and impris- oned for foTir years, imtil he was released by the inter'ention of his successor, Martin V., who made him dean of the Sacred College. He died and was buried in Florence. JOHN I., ZiMiscES (92.5-976). A Byzantine Emperor, nfi907<). His uncle. Nicephorus Phocas, ■who had nmunted the throne by his aid. gave him the chief military command in the Empire. He ably seconded the Emperor in his victorious cam- paigns against the Saracens. John learned, how- (er, that there was a conspiracy headed by an- other uncle to deprive him of his power; so, to inevent liis own downfall, he murdered the Em- peror, and he himself mounted the throne. Dur- ing his reign war was waged successfully against the Russians, Saracens, and Bilgarians. He is supposed to have been poisoned while on his re- turn from the campaign in Syria. JOHN II., CoM.xEXVS (lOSS-1143). A By- zantine Emperor called 'the (iuod.' He succeeded liis father, Alexius, on the throne in 1118. He won many victories in his wars against the Turks in Asia and against the Servians and the Hungarians in Europe, but his administration was weak, and his whole government enfeebled ]iy corruption. JOHN V. Byzantine emperor. See Palbolo- GU.S. JOHN VI., Byzantine emperor. See Canta- cuze.nl s. JOHN VII., VIII. Byzantine emperors. See Pal.eologus. JOHN I. (1350-95). King of .ragon and son of Peter IV., whom he succeeded on the throne in 1387. He maintained a school of troubadours at his Court. JOHN (1513-71). Margrave of Brandenburg- Ktistrin, .second son of the Elector Joachim I. of Brandenburg. He was better known as Hans of KUstrin, from one of the possessions which he secured upon the death of his father in !535. In 1537 he introduced the Protestant religion into his dominions, and the next year joined th5 Schmalkaldic League, though with the express stipulation that it should be for the purpose of ])rotecting religious belief and not for political reasons. Consequently, on the outbreak of the Schmalkaldic War he joined the Emperor Charles v. and took an important part in the battle of Miihlberg, where the Imperial forces gained a decisive victory over the Protestant princes (1547). -At Icngtli realizing the mistake he had made, lie went over to the Elector Maurice of Saxony, and exerted himself on the Protestant side during the treaty-making at Passau (1552). Internal peace once more restored to (Jerman}', he accompanied the Emperor Charles V. in his French campaign, and took part in the unsuccess- ful siege of Metz. His chief title to fame, how- ever rests in (he ability with which he governed his lands. He restrained tlu' nubility, cleared the country of highway robbers, extended its frontiers, and encouraged agriculture, commerce, and industries. JOHN I. (13.58-90). King of Castile from 1379 to 1390. He succeeded to the throne on the death of his f.ither, Henry II. To defeat the schemes of .John of Gaunt (q.v. ), Duke of Lan- caster, who had assumed the title of King of Castile, and of Ferdinand of Portugal, he at- tacked Portugal. Ferdinand submitted in 1382, and made peace by giving his daiighter Beatrice, the heiress of Portugal, to .John. On Ferdinand's death .John airain made war upon Portugal in support of the claims of Beatrice, and later fought against .John I., who had been elected King of that country, but failed the first time on account of a pestilence, and the second time was defeated at Aljubarotta, in 1385.