Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/262

* JOHANNESBURG. 236 JOHN. JOHANNESBURG, yi-haii'ius-burg. Tho largest ami must ailvanced city iu .South Africa, situated in the Transvaal t'olony, at an altitude of 5500 feet, 35 miles south of Pretoria (Maj): Transvaal Colony, E 5). It is connected with Pretoria. Delagoa Bay, Cape Town, and Port Elizabeth by rail, and is a modern city, inter- seiled by broad thoroughfares lined with fine buildings, including theatres, clubs, and a stock exchange; it is electricall}' lighted. An imposing fortress erected l)y the Boers, but now dismantled, commands the town, Johannesburg was founded in ISSti, and grew rapidly, owing to its location on the Witwatcrsrand gold-fields, one of the richest gold-mining districts in .South Africa. It was the seat of the Uithiiider disall'ection which led to the war with Great Uritain ( 1890-l!tO2). According to the census of l.SHO, the heterogene- ous population of il!l,800 included but SOOO J!oers, to 43,000 natives and 34.000 British, exclusive of various other nationalities. ■lohamiesburg was captured, withotit opposition, by the British forces under Lord Roberts on Jlay 2!), 1900. A notable feature in the neighborhood is the na- tional Boer monument connnemorating the decla- ration of independence in 1880, which stands on the open veldt near the suburb of Krugersdorp. JOHANNESEN, yo-hiin'nr-sen, Edvaed IIolac (1844—), A Norwegian Arctic explorer. He circumnavigated Nova Zembla in 1870, and in 1878 discovered Solitude lslan<l. JOHANNES SECUNDUS, jfi-han'nOz so- kun'dus (1511-30), A Latin poet, born at The Hague. His true name was Jan Nicolai Eve- racrts. He studied law at Bourges, but early devoted himself to the fine arts, but more esjie- cially to jioetry. He traveled in Italy and Spain, became secretarj' to Cardinal Tavera, Archbishop of Toledo, and accompanied Charles V. on his expedition to Tunis, His poems are admired for their classical purity, delicate sentiment, and graceful imagery, and have been translated into several foreign langu.ages. The best known among (hem are the Basia (1539), A complete edition of his Opera Poetica was published by his broth- ers in 1541. JOHANNES VAN DEWALL, j-ft-han'nAs van da'val. The pseudonym of the German nov- elist August Kiiiine (q.v.). JO'HANNE'UM(Neo-Lat. nom, sg., from Lat. Joliiiniirn. .John). The former picture-gallery of Dresden, dating from the sixteenth century, now ooiitaining the Historical Jtuseum and the Col- lection of Porcelains. It has many historic relies of princes and famous luen. and one of the finest ceramic collections in existence, consisting of over 19,000 specimens. JOHANNISBERG, y.Vhiin'isberK. A Prus- sian village on the Khine, near Wiesbaden. It is famous for its carefully cultivated vineyards, which produce the finest brand of hock wine. The imposing Schloss .Tohannisberg of the ^letternich family, 340 feet above the Rhine, built on the site of an eleventh-century Benedictine monastery, commands a magnificent view. In the village are a sanatorium and a large manufactory of print- ing-presses. Population, in 1900. 1427, JOHANNOT, zhft'ft'n.V, Charles Henki Al- FREn (lSOO-37). A French painter and engraver, horn at OITenbach-on-the-Mnin. He was the son of Francois Johannot (c.l7(iO-183S), the intro- ducer of litliography into France, and the brother of Tony .bihannot (q.v.). He was the pupil of another brother, Charles (1793-1825), also an engraver, and is noted for his plates after Schef- fer and Gerard. Other illustrations by him are those done, with Tony, for the works of Byron, Coojier, and Scott (1827), Among his pictures are: "L'entrce de illle, de ilontiiensier ;1 Or- leans, peiKbint la Fronde" (1833), and "La ba- taillc de lirattelen" (1837). JOHANNOT, Tony (1803-52), A French jiaiiiter and illustrator, born at OU'enbach-on-the- ilain. He was the lirother of Charles and Alfred Johannot, and assisted the latter in his illustra- tions for the works of Byron, .Scott, and Cooper. His most important engravings were done for the following classics: Lc (liable boilcux of Le .Sage; Don Quixote; Paul et Virr/iiiie and La chaumicrc (1838) of Saint-Pierre; the Confcs- sio)is of Rousseau; the Contcs (184U) of Nodier; and Lc voyafie oi'i il rinis plaira (IS-IS) . by Alfred de Musset and P. J. Stahl, His fame as one of the first of illustrators far outweighs his reputation as a painter; but there are two his- torical jiicturcs by iiim at Versailles, JOHANNSDORF, yC/hans-dorf, Alureciit VON, A German minnesinger who flourished be- tween 1185 and 1209, and probably took part in the Crusade of 1190. His love-songs are full' of natural feeling, mingled with a current of re- ligious enthusiasm. Consult Lachmann and Ilaupt, Des Minnesangs Friihling (Leipzig, 1888). JOHANNSON, yoliAn-son, liARL Ferdinand (18(i0— ). A Swedish philologist, born at ilis- tcrliiilt, and educated at I'psala, where he became doceiit and afterwards professor of San.skrit and of comparative philologj'. Besides many articles in Beszenherriers lieitriige, Kuhns Zeitschrift, I mlo-fiermavische Forschunf/en, and "NorcUsk Tidskrift for Filologi, lie wrote: De Dcrivatis Verbis Confractis Linijua; Ora;ew Quwxtiones (1880) ; Ktifira ord oin dialekter, iSpecieU. de Orekixka (1888); and Beilriiqe zur griechischen Sprachkunde (1890), JOHN (OF. Jan. Jean, Jehan, Johan, from Lat. Johannes, from Gk. 'ludvpij!, from Heb. Yohfnifin, Yahweb hath been gracious). One of the disciples of .Tesus, frequently mentioned in the first three Gosjicls and the Book of Acts, and gen- erally supposed to be the author of the Gospel and Epistles and the Book of Revelation which bear his name. His parents were Zebcdee and Salome (Mark i. 20; xv. 40; cf. Matt, xxvii. 56). The mother was possibly sister of Mary, the mother of .Jesus (cf. John xix. 25 with Mark xv. 40). Zebedee was a fisherman of Bethsaida, on the Sea of Galilee, of some means, as he possessed boats and nets and had hired servants (Mark i. 19, 20). .Salome was one who contributed to Jesus' support during His ministry (Mark xv, 41). The two brothers, .James and .John, were thus not of the poorest class, yet probably re- ceived no more than the ordinary education of .Jewish children. Engaged in the fishing trade, they probably knew something of Greek, as well as their native Aramaic and the Old Testament Hebrew. When .Tnlin the Baptist made his ap- pearance .John and his brother went down from Galilee to hear him, and attached themselves to him as disciples (.John i. 35 sqq.). 'hen .Jesus returned from His temptation in the desert, John,