Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/256

* JOANNA I. 230 JOAN OF ABC. JOANNA I. (c.1327-82). Queen of Naples from 1343 tu 13S2. and Countess of Provence. Slie was the daughter of Charles, Duke of Cala- bria, and of Marie of Valois, and became Queen on the death of her grandfather, Eobert the Wise. She was already mairied to her cousin Andrew, brother of Louis (he Crcat, King of Hungary. This marriage had been made when they were mere children, in order to conciliate the rival claims to the throne of the two branches of tiie House of Anjou. By tiie will of Robert, Joanna was proclaimed his heiress; Andrew was to be only co-regent and Duke of Calabria. More- over, Joanna was to become Queen onlj' when twenty-live years of age. This will was unsatis- factory to all parties. Joanna succeeded in hav- ing herself crowned at once by the authority of the Pope: by the inlluence of Louis the Great, Andrew was also crowned. In 1345 the latter was nuirdered by conspirators, who, it was gen- erally believed, were instigated by .Joanna. Louis of Hungarj- declared war to avenge his brother's murder. In 1340 Joanna married Louis of Taran- to, but both were soon driven out by Louis the Great, who captured Naples and had himself crowned King. He was soon compelled to return liome. as his army was decimated by the plague. In the meantime .loanna and her husband had taken refuge with the Pope at .Vvignon. They secured money by selling to the latter Avignon, which was a tief held by Joanna. They returned to Naples and drove out the Hungarian garri- sons. Louis the Great made another expedition in which he was at first successful. Then he met with reverses which led to a treaty suspend- ing hostilities on condition that Joanna should be tried for the nuirdcr of Andrew, and if found guilty should forfeit the kingdom to Louis. She was adjudged innocent, in 1352, by the Papal Court, and she and Louis of Taranto were crowned. The latter died in 1362, and Joanna married, about .a year later, James of Aragon, titular King of ilajorca. She allowed him no share in the government, and he spent his life in quest of adventure, generally outside the King- dom of Naples. After he died, in 1375. .Joanna married Otlio of Brunswick, a condottiere. who received the title of Prince of Taranto. When Urban VI. and Clement VII. were elected to the Papacy bj- the rival factions of cardinals (1378) Joanna favored the latter. Urban thereupon crowned Charles of Durazzo King of Naples, which lie claimed to control as a Papal fief. Charles, who was a cousin of .Joanna, had been named by her as her successor l)cfore her last marriage. Later she had changed her will and named as her heir Louis of Anjou, brother of Charles V., King of France. Charles of Durazzo, with the aid of the Pope and of Louis the Great, succeeded in capturing Joanna and had her put to death. May 22, 13S2. She had three children who died in infancy. .Joanna was a wise ruler, capable, and generous. Her court was renowned for its magnificence. Consult: Battaglia. Oio- vanna prima, rer/ina rli XapoH (Padua. 1835); Horvfith, Oeschichie Ungarns (2d ed.. German trans., Budapest, 1876) : Szalay, Geschichte Vn- gams. vol. ii. (Budapest. 1860). JOAIXNA II. (1371-1435). Queen of Naples from 1414 to 1435. She wat a daughter of Charles III., of Durazzo, and was the successor of her brother Ladislas. Her first husband was William of Austria, her second .Jacques de Bour- bon, Count of La Marche. She was of a very dis- solute character, and her government was dis- turbed by constant feuds and insurrections. Her second husband at one time imprisoned her, only to be himself imprisoned in 1410. Louis of Anjou sought to deprive Joanna of the throne of Naples, but she called (o her aid Alfonso V. of Aragtin. and adopted him. Soini. however, she tired of Alfonso, and used the powerful House of Anjou thereafter as a counterpoise to the claims of Aragon. JOANNE, zho'iin', Paul BfelGNE (1847—). A Frcncli geographer, born in Paris. He stud- ied at the lyceums of Saint-Louis and Louis- le-Grand, but after entering at the bar he lejt the law to become assistant and successor to his father, who was editor of the Guides Joanne, for the Ilachette Library. His own greatest achieve- ment is the Dictionnaire geographique et admin- islratif dc In Frniire et de ses eolonics, which be- gan to be published in 1890. JOANNES, j'6-an'n6z, Island of. See Ma- KAJO. JOAKT (|(j-;"in' or jOn) OF ARC (Fr. Jeanne Dare), The Maid of Orlea.ns (1412-31). She was born January 6, 1412, in the village of Dom- rcmy. near Vaueouleurs. France. She was the daughter of well-to-do peasants and was taught the duties of a girl in her station. She was not a shepherdess, as commonly represented. When about tliirteen years of age she believed that she heard an angel's voice, saying: ".Jeanne, be good; go to church often!" Gradually 'the voices' talked to her more frequently, and she believed them to belong to Saint Michael. Saint Catharine, and Saint JIargaret. Saint Michael gave to her di- rections which finally became very definite. He told her of the sad state of France and of her mission. ".Jeanne, you are sunnnoned to lead a different life and to do marvelous things, for it is you whom the King of heaven has chosen to restore happiness to France and to aid King Charles. Put on a man's clothes, arm yourself; you shall be the chief in war and all shall be done according to your advice." For four years the 'voices' continued to speak to .Joan, and the condition of France in the meanwhile became more and more desperate. Henry VI. of England had been crowned, at Paris. King of France (1422). The regent, the Duke of Bedford, was victorious almost everywhere. The Dauphin, Charles VI L, weak and vacillating, held little territory and was called in derision, by the Eng- lish and the Burgundians. 'the King of Bourges.' Toward the close of 1428 the English laid siege to Orleans, and. although the city w'as well garrisoned, its defenders finally lost heart and at the beginning of 1429 the place seemed destined soon to be captured. Joan's 'voices' had become more distinct and more impera- tive, until finally she obeyed, and sought the French eonnnander at Vaueouleurs. Her story was at first rejected as that of one insane, but she succeeded in convincing the commander and in getting an escort to Charles VII., to whom slie rode in male attire, February, 1429. By his command .Joan was submitted to an examination by learned theologians, from which she emerged triumphant. The Daiiphin thereupon resolved to employ her. A suit of armor was prepared for her, and she had a white banner made.