Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/255

* JOACHIM FREDEKICK. 229 JOANNA. Diet. In 1598 he succeeded to the electorate, and made his son. Christian William, Bishop of Magdeburg. He founded the Joachimsthal Gym- nasium of Berlin. JOACHIM {j(ya-klm) OF FLO'RIS (c.ll45- C.1202). A monk of the twelfth century, rever- enced as a prophet by many in his own time, and for two centuries later. He was born at C'elico near Cosenza, Calabria, about 1145, became a Cistercian monk, and in 1177 is mentioned as Abbot of Coraca. After some years he re- signed and betook himself to the wilderness near Cosenza for study. There he founded a mon- astery, San Giovanni in Fiore, 25 miles east of Cosenza. and a ni'W Order (Ordo Florensis). His Order was absorbed by the Cistercians in 1505. Joachim divided all time into three dispen- sations : ( 1 ) t)iat of the Father from the creation to the birth of Christ; (2) that of the Son, from the birth of Christ to 1260; (3) that of the Spirit, from 1260 to the end. His three principal writings are: Liber Concordice 'Xovi ao Teteris Testametiti (printed at Venice, 1519); PsaJteritim Decern Chordarum (1527): Expositio Apocali/psis (1527). Some of his opin- ions were condemned by the Lateran Council of 1215. In 1254 a ilinorite, Gherardino, of Borgo, San Donnino. who considered Joachim's works in- spired, brought them out with an introduction, in ■which he described them as the ''Everlasting Gos- pel" (Eiangelium (Fterne) . He made a sen- sation, and led to their condemnation by the Uni- versity of Paris on 31 propositions taken from his introduction and the writings of .Joachim. Pope Alexander IV. in 1255 examined by commission these alleged heretical statements, with the re- sult that Glierardino was censured, but .loachim was not. Consult: Drdlinger. Fables Resjtecting the Popes of the iliddle Ages' (Eng. trans., New York, 1872) : Schneider, Joachim mid die Apok- alyptikcr df.s Miltehtlters (Dillingen, 1873); Haupt, Znr Geschichte des Joachiinismus (Go- tha, 1S85). JOACHIM, Order of Saint. A secular Order founded in 1755 by the Duke of Saxe-Coburg- Saalfeld and other' nobles, and originally called the Order of Jonathan. The device of the Order was: Deo, Principi, Legi. Its objects were benevo- lent. It had three classes, and its membership was restricted to the nobility. The Order disap- peared about 1840. JOACHIMSTHAL, yO'a-Kems-tal'. An an- cient town in Bohemia, Austria, situated in the Erzgebirge at an elevation of 2365 feet, 12 miles north of Karlsbad (Map: Austria, CI). It has a fine modern cliurch and a sixteenth-century Rathaus with a library. In the vicinity lie the ruins of the Castle of Freudenstein. the former seat of the counts of Schlick. In ancient times .Joachimsthal was famous for its silver-mines, and the .Joachimsthaler, coined from native silver bv the counts of .Schlick after 1517, had a very wide circulation. The name was subsequently abbreviated to the modern German thaler. ( See Doi.I..R.) The present silver output is little more than nominal. Uranium, bisnnith. and nickel are also produced in small quantities, .mong the manufactures are gloves, paper, lace, and tobacco and cigars. Population, in 1890, 7046; in 1900, 7378. ' JOAN, i<S-an' or jon. Pope. The name of a supposed female occupant of the Papal chair following Leo IV. (died 855) and preceding Bene- dict III. (died 8.58). The story represents her as born in Germany of English parentage. As- suming the dress and character of a man, she went to Athens, and thence to Rome, where under the name of .Johannes Anglicus ( 'John of Eng- land') she is alleged to have gained distinction as a scholar, entered holy orders, and risen through various giadations to the Papal sov- ereignty itself. The story goes on that she was seized with the pains of childbirth on the occa- sion of a public procession and died in delivery. The story of a female pope is told by a French Dominican, Steven of Bourbon (died. e.l261), in Iiis work upon the Seven Gifts of the Holy Spirit. He is thought to have copied from an earlier Dominican, .John of Mailly. A third Dominican, ilartin Polonus or ilarlin of Troppau (died 1278). helped to spread the story. Its imhistorie cliaracter was first shown by the French Calvin- ist David Blondel (Eclai)-eissenient de la question si une femme a rte assise au siege papal de Rome. Amsterdam, 1647; De Joanna Papissa, ib., 1657), and is now universally admitted. Con- sult: Wensing, Oi'cr de Pansin Johanna (The Hague, 1845) ; Dijllinger, Fables Respecting the Popes of the Middle Ages (Eng. trans., Xew York, 1872) ; Rholdes, Pope Joan (Eng. trans., London, 1886). JOANES VICENTE, H6-a'nas ve-than'til (1523-79). A Spanish religious and portrait painter, whose real name was Vicente Juax M.vcip, founder of the school of Valencia. His early masters are unknown, but the resemblance of his paintings, especially the "Holy Families," to Raphael's shows that he must have studied under the latter's followers at Rome. He is called by his countrymen the Spanish Raphael. Nevertheless, his pictures contain elements of individuality, his types of Christ and the Virgin being essentially Spanisli in their expression of tenderness and of ardent mysticism, typical of his own sincere piety. Joanes settled at Valen- cia, where he founded an important school, but was also employed in other cities of Spain. His chief religious paintings are: '"The Baptism of Christ." "Conversion of Paul," and "A Holy Family," in the Cathedral of Valencia ; "A Last Supper," in the Church of Saint Nicholas, Va- lencia ; and six pictures from the "Life of Saint Stephen," in the Prado Museum. He also painted some excellent portraits in a style resembling that of Bronzino, the best known of which are those of Luis de Castelvi, in the Prado; Arch- bishop Tomas de Villanueva and Juan de Ri- beia in the Cathedral of Valencia. JOAN'NA, Queen of Ca.stile (1479-1554). She was a daughter of Ferdinand the Catholic of Aragon and Isabella of Castile. She married Philip, son of Emperor Maximilian I., and by the death of her brother and her elder sister and the latter's infant son. she became heiress to the crowns of Castile and Aragon. . On the death of Isabella, in 1.504, .Joanna and Philip became Queen and King of Castile. On the death of her husband (1506) she became insane and passed the rest of her life in the Castle of Tordesillas. Her son Charles became King of .Spain in 1516 and Holy Roman Emperor as Charles V. in 1519. Her younger son, Ferdinand, became Roman Em- peror in 1556.