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* JIRECEK. 228 JOACHIM FREDERICK. most important work, and the other dealing with Bohemian hymnology, Dijiny cirkevniho busiiictvi ccskilto (1878) i uT his conlrihut ions to t<loniik iiaiiciiy, the Bolu'iiiian eneyelopa'dia ; and of hia edition of the cullucted works of his father-in- law, Paul l^afaiik (q.v.). Consult Uelfert, Jo- seph JirdrJ: (Vienna, 1890). JIRECEK, Josef KoNSTAMiN (1854—). A Bohemian writer on JSlavic liistory, son of Josef Jirecek. He was born in Vienna, and was edu- cated at Prague; was appointed docent of his- tory at the University of Prague, and after traveling in the south Slavic countries was made secretary (1879) and chief (1881) of the Bul- garian ^Ministry of Kdiication. lie returned to Prague in 1884, to teach universal history in the Boliemian University, and in 1893 was ap- pointed professor of Slavic history at Vienna. His works, mostly on Bulgaria and Scrvia, in- clude: (Icuchichtc dcr Buhjaren (1870; also in Czech and Russian) ; in Bulgarian, a bibliography of that literature (1872); Die lleerstrasse von Belf/radnach Konstunlinopcl (1877); Die Uaii- delsslrassen und Bcniwerke von Serhicii and Bosnien iin MitfclnUcr (1879); and Die Ko- manen in den fitiidten Dalinatiens imhrend des Mittelalters (1901 sqq.). JIRON, heron'. A town of the Department of Santauder, Colombia, on the Rio de Oro, six miles southwest of Bucaramanga. ThcTC are gold washings in the river. Tlicre is trade in tobacco, hats, and cattle. It was founded in 1631. Popu- lation estimated at 10,000. JITOMIR, zheto'nier. A city of Russia. See Zhitomir. JIUJXJTSTJ. A form of wrestling practiced in Japan. See ^YRESTLING. JIVAR6, zhe-va'ro. An important confed- eracy or group of tribes apparently constituting a distinct stock, scattered in the forests along the Maraiion (Amazon), chiefly on the north or Ecuador side, about the confluence of the Pastaza and Santiago. They are a vigorous, wild, and warlike people, but at the same time honorable and faithful, and were never subjugat- ed by the Incas (see QnciirA). and only tem- porarily brouglit under the dominion of the Span- iards, whom they expelled in a general revolt in 1599. Their general appearance indicates muscu- lar strength and activity and quick intelligence. They live in well-built wooden houses, with plat- form beds instead of hammocks; cultivate corn, beans, and bananas, and weave cotton cloth. They use the blnwgim, bow. lance, and shield. and wear their hair long and flowing, with head- dresses of bright feathers. Their ordinary dress is a shirt without sleeves an<l a pair of short trousers; but in war they are stripped and paint-" ed. They are noted for preserving the dried heads of enemies slain in battle, and for the prac- tice of taking a strcmg emetic every morning as a preparation for the day's work. They have devclo])ed a system of signaling by means of large drums kept in every village, by which the ap- proach and strength of an enemy can be made known, or the warriors called to battle. JO. A pathetic character in Dickens's Bleak HoKse. He is a little London outcast, who is driven from one place to another and at last dies of want. JO'AB (lleb. Yoab, Vahweh is father). Son of Zcruiah and nephew of King David, as well as commander of David's army (11. Sam. ii. 13; 1. Chron. xi. (i). He performed valual)l(' servicer for David, his chief achievements being the overthrow of the army of Saul's son. lshl)osheth, led by Abner (11. Sara. ii. 12-31); his wars against the .mnionites (ib. xi., xii. 20-31) ; and his overthrow of the conspiracy of Absalom ( ib. ch. xviii.). l'"or killing Al)salom contrary to or- ders David deposed liim in favor of Aniasa (ib., xix. 14), and soon after he treacherously slew his rival (ib., xx. 8-10). At the close of Diivid's life Joab joined Adonijah in his attempt to secure the succession to the throne, and was executed by Solomon's order after David's death (I. Kings ii. 28-34). JOACHIM, y.Va-Kem, JOSEPH (1831—). A distiiignishcil Hungarian violinist. He was born at Kittsee. near Pressburg, Hungary, of Jewish parents. His father was engaged in commercial pursuits, but discovered his son's musical (>- clivities, and at tb.e age of live years phucd him under Szervacziiisky, llie celebrated coiiccrtmcis- ter of Budapest. After two years' stud}' he made his first public appearance plajing duets with his master, after which he studied under Bohm at Vienna. In 1841 he was a pupil at the "ienna Conservatory studying counterpoint vuuler Hauptmann, and in 1843, wlu-n only twelve years of age. distinguished himself at a concert of Ma- dame 'iardot-(iarcia in Lci|)zig. In the spring of 1844 he visited England, where he was enthusi- astically received, returning to Leipzig in Novem- ber of the same year to play at one of the Cle- wandhaus concerts. Adopting the advice of his friends David and Jlendclssohn, he determined to continue his studies at Leipzig. He made visits to England at intervals until 1802, after whic li his appearance in London became an annual event. He was appointed concertmeister in 1849 of the orchestra at Weimar during the regime of Liszt, wl'.ose views were so diametrically opposed to his own ideals that a disagreement was in- evitable. He left Weimar in 1S,'54 to accept the post of concert conductor and solo violin- ist at the Court of Hanover, where he married Amalie Weiss, a well-known contralto singer. In 1S08 he was appointed liead of the Hochschule ftir ansiiliendc Toiikiin^t. His most important work is the Hungarian Concerto in D minor. His other compositions include overtures and inci- dental music to various plays; several marches and trios; ballads, and various forms of chamber music. His most .salient characteristics as a player are reflected in the general character of his written work, which is marked by sincerity, depth, and tenderness. It was as a quartet player, however, that his intellectual superiority over contemporary violinists was most marked; his quartet party consisting of himself, as first violin; De Ahna. second violin; Hausmann. 'cello, and Wirth. viola, have never been excelled. As a soloist he earned for himself the title of king of violinists. He is best known as the greatest master of style, repose, and tone of his day and generation. JOACHIM FREDERICK (1.546-1008). A German bi-hop and Elector of Brandenburg, son of (he Elector .Tohn rJeorgc. He was made Bishop of Brandcnl)urg and Havelberg, and Archbishop of ilagdehurg. In 1.'570 he married, and so for- feited his archiepiscopal seat in the German