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* JESUITS. 193 JESUS. sions, so that his numerous converts became faithful Christians in the best sense. His biethren on the missions imitated his example and almost rivaled his success. Venerable Joseph Anehieta, called the Apostle of Brazil, before the end of the sixteenth century, organized missions among the natives of that country into settle- ments of the kind that in Paraguay, later, were called reductions. The first reduction of Para- guay was founded in 1610. For nearly a cen- tury and a half the native converts lived in ideal peace and happiness. These native Christian communities have been the admiration of stu- dents of social science ever since. At the begin- ning of the seventeenth century, after twenty years of patient effort. Father Rieci succeeded in getting audience of the Emperor of China. His skill in applied mathematics and mechanics gained him the favor of the Emperor, and he ob- tained protection for the Christians in China. Scholarly successors, equally able and zealous. Schall, Verbiest, and Bouvet, continued the good influence over the Emperor. Unfortunately, after a time, the controversy over the 'Chinese rites' took place. Certain practices of their former lives, which, in imitation of the Apostles, the Jesuits allowed their converts still to keep up, seemed to the Dominicans to savor of idolatry. In the midst of the disputes the Imperial favor was lost, and persecutions wiped out the Chinese missions. The .Japanese missions were begun in 1.549 by Saint Francis Xavier. and in thirty years had grown to number 200.000 Christians. Bloody persecutions, continuing for nearly three centuries, made numbers of martyrs ; but with a marselous tenacity, though all their priests had been put to death, the survivors handed down their faith from generation to generation, and when .Japan was once more opened to Europeans in the nineteenth century, there were still natives ready to welcome the Catholic missionaries as their long-lost fathers. In India Robert de' Xo- bili ( 16051 took up the difficult task of living as a high-caste Brahmin, fulfilling rigidly their pre- cepts of abstinence and avoiding all contact with other castes. After years of patience he succeeded in making numerous converts. The careers of Fathers Lallemont, Brebieuf. and Jbgues among the Huron and Iroquois Indians were a suc- cession of sufferings and hardships, deliberate- ly undertaken, calmly borne, and heroically per- sisted in by men of gentle breeding and deep cul- ture. The Jesuit missions were always centres of civilization as well as religion. When the United States Government took possession of the Philippines, the Jesuits in charge of the observa- trry at Manila were asked to collate the informa- tion with regard to the Archipelago in the pos- session of members of the Order, and this was published in two large volumes with an atlas at the Government Printing Office (El Archi- piclago Filiptno. Washington, 1900). The following periodicals are issued under the direction of the Jesuits, and always supply in- formation as to current topics in their regard: Ciriltd Cattolica. Rome: The Month, London; Etudes Litternires et Religieuses. Paris: Stim- virii aus Mariu-Laach, Freiburg; Zeitschrift fiir Kafholische Theologie. Innsbruck: Rei^tie des Otiestions f!eientifiques, Brussels; The Messenger, Xew York : Messenger of the Sacred Heart. Inns- bruck, Bilbao. Toulouse, ilexico, and other places. Consult for their Constitution. Institutum Societatis Jesu (Avignon, 1830-38) ; or Concern- ing Jesuits (London, 1902). The accepted au- thority for their general history is Cretineau- Joly. Histoire de la compagnie de Jesus (6 vols., Paris, 1844-46) ; in English, Daurignac, History of the Jesuits (Baltimore, 1878); B. X., The Jesuits, Their Foundation and History (2 vols., Xew York, 1879). For opposing views, Theodore Griesinger, Die Jesuiten (Stuttgart, 1866; Eng. trans., Xew York, 1885). For special countries, Parkman, Jesuits in Sorth America (seventeenth century) (Boston, 1898); the notable series of Jesuit Relations, edited by Thwaites (73 vols., Cleveland, 1896 sqq. ) ; Foley, Jesuits in England (London, 1877-83; also, Taunton. London, 1901) ; Pollard, Jesuits in Poland (Oxiord, 1892) ; Smith, •"Suppression of the Jesuits," in The Month (Lon- don, 1902), later in book form; Duhr, Jesuiteii- fuheln (Saint Louis, 1899). For pedagogj-; Pachtler, Ratio Studiorum, etc., in Monumenta GermanicE I'cedagogicu, vols, ii., v.. i.x., xvi. (Ber- lin, 1887-93), the standard work on the subject; Monumenta Historica Societatis Jesu; Monu- menta Pcedayogica (iladrid, 1901-02) ; Hughes, Loyola (Xew York, 1892) ; Duhr, Die Studien- oidnung der Gesellschaft Jesu (Saint Louis, 1896) ; Paulsen, (Jeschichte des gelehrten L'nter- richts (Berlin, 1896) ; Schwickerath, Jesuit Edu- cation (Saint Louis, 1903). For the bibliog- raph}' of Jesuit writers, A. de Backer. Biblio- ihcque bihliographique de la Compagnie de Jesus (3 vols, fol., Paris, 1869-76) ; Sommervogel, Dic- tionnnire des ouvrages anonymes et pseudonymes de la Compagnie de Jesus (Paris, 1884) ; Moni- tcur bihliographique de la Compagnie de Jesus (Paris, 1889). JESUIT'S BABK. An old name for cinchona (q.v.). JES'UP, MoBRis KETCiirii (1830—). An American merchant and philanthropist. He was born at Westport, Conn., and was educated there and in Xew York City. In 1843 he entered the employ of a manufacturing firm at Paterson, X. J. In 1852 he went into business on his own account, from which he retired in 1884. He is best known for his philanthropic work and his in- terest in scientific exploration. He was one of the organizers of the United States Christian Commission during the Civil War, was one of the founders of the Young Jlen's Christian Associa- tion, and its president in 1872, was president after 1860 of the Five Points House of Industry, of which he wa.s one of the founders, and after 1881 was president of the Xew York City Mis- sion Society, for Avhieh he built the De Witt Memorial Church in Rivington Street. In 1881 he be*ame president of the American Museum of X'atural History, to which he gave a valuable collection of native woods. He presented .Jesup Hall to the Union Theological Seminary, and endowed the Jesup Xorth Pacific Expedition for scientific research. He was chosen president of the X'ew York Chamber of Commerce and was Presi- dent of the International Congress of Anthro- pology in 1902. To the subject of Southern edu- cation, especially that of the negro, he gave much time and thought. He was made treasurer of the Slater Fund at its beginning, and he was also made a member of the Peabody Educational Board and of the General Education Board. JESUS, Sox OF SiBACH, si'rak. See EccLESi- ASTICIS.