Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/204

* JEROME. 180 JERSEY. nious. Other siniilii.r treatises are the lives of Paul of Thebes, of Saint Ililarion, and of Mal- chus, and the bitter polemics against .Tovinian and 'iyilaiitius. Jerome became involved in warm disputes with liis old friend Kutinus — over the tbeolopry of Oripen — with -Vufiustine, ami ■vitli the PeUij;iana. The violence of these con- troversies has sometimes so repelled his readers that they have failed to do justice to Jerome's profound learning; and to his <^reat service to the cause of Christian scholarship. •Jerome's works were first edited bv Erasmus, (9 vols., Basel, lol(i-20). The best edition is by Vallarsi (U vols., erona, lT.'i4-42; Venice, 17-72; reprinted by Mi<;ne in I'atrol. Lat., vols. x.ii.x...) . The best edition of the De Viris Illiislribus is by Ricliardson, in Tcxtv und Uiitcr- suchuiif/cii, vol. xiv. (Leipzi<;, 18!)(i). An Eng- lisli translation of liis jirineipal works is in The ^rlcct JAbrarii of icrne and I'ost-Xicene Fa- thers, edited by Schatr and Wace. vols. iii. and vi. (New Vork, 18112 et scq.). In general consult: Kbert, Geschiehie drr lAltcratur des Mittelaltcrs (Leipzig, 1S89) : Dill, Roman ftociety in the Last Century of the Westirn Empire (London, 1899) ; Glover, lAfc and Letters in the Fourth Century (Cambridge. 1901); Bardenhewer, Patroloyic (Freiburjr. 1001). JEROME OF PRAGUE ( ?I410). The asso- ciate I'f .Inhn lluss. lie was biii-n at Pra^nie in the latter lialf of the fourteenth century, .-ftcr altoiKlins the university of liis native town, he continued his studies at .ford, Heidelberg, Cologne, and Paris. He took his master's degree at Paris, and taught there and also at Cologne. After a journey to .Jerusalem, he returned to Prague in 1407, and began to introduce the writ- ings and opinions of Wiclif in liis native land. Kis reputation for learning was so great that his advice was taken by Ladislas 11., King of Pohuid. with res))ect to the reorganization of the University of Cracow in 1410. He entered with his whole soul into the contest carried on by his friend Huss. but with more zeal than judgment. He publicly trampled the relics under his feet, connnitled to prison the monks who did not share his opinions, and even ordered one of them to be thrown into the MoUhui. When Huss was ar- rested at Constance .Jerome hastened to defend him; but not receiving a safe-con<hi<'t. for which he had applied, set out to return to Prague. He was arrested at Hirschau. April, 141.5, and con- veyed in chains to Constance. Here he was east into a dungeon and placed on trial, .fter some months' imprisonment he recanted his opinions, vSeptember. HI."), but in May, 1410. abjured his recantation willi horror, and was burned at the stake. Mav .'iOfli. His life has been WTitten by Heller (Liibeck. IS.1.5). and. with that of Huss, by Befker (Xiirdingen. 1858). See Huss, .John: CON.STANOE. CoiNTlr, OF. JERROLD, jer'ohl. Doufil..s Wir,Li.M (1S03- 57). .' I'^nglisb humorist, born in London. .Janu- ary .3. ISO."!. His father was a theatrical manager for several years at Sheerness. in Kent. Though Dotiglas was there sent to sehrol. he mostly edu- cated himself, reading, as time went on. T^atin, French. Italian, and the English dramatists. Jn emergencies the boy appeared on t)ie stage. He took a child's part in The HIrnniiir. and acted in The Painter of Ohenf in 1S3.T, and played Master Stephen in Erery Man in JJis numour in 184.5; but he disliked acting. In 1813 he was ap- pointed midshi|)nian in the royal navy. After the Na])oleonie wars lu' found enipbiyment in I.,on- (ion as a printer's a])prentice and as compositor. -After some success at dramatic criticism, he be- gan writing for the stage. His first comedy, More Frightened than Hurt, written in 1818. was well received at Sadler's Wells Theatre, in 1821. Heau .Vfi.s/i, a three-act comedy dealing with the histiu'v of the gambler Richard Nash (([.v.), was ])layed at the llaymarket and |uililished in 1825. Hut his great success was lilaelc-Eyed Hiisan, which ran for three hundred nights at the Surrey The- atre in 1829. Thereafter he wrote many comedies and farces, among which are V'idic Works Won- ders and I'he liubliles of a Day. In the meantime he was contributing essays and sketches to the magazines, from which he ma<le a collection. Men of Charaeler (18:18). In 1841 be joined the stalT of /'h)k7i, where first a]ipeared the ]io|uilar Caudle Leelurcs. .After several modenitely successful periodicals of his own. as the Shilling Magazine (1845-48), he became in 1852 editor of Lloyd's Weekly Xewspaper, which soon gained public favor. He wrote several novels and tales, among which are The Story of a Feather (1844) and The Clironicles of Clovernook (1846). He died at Kilburn Priory, June 8. 1857. Though not a great writer, .lerrold was one of the most l)rilliant wits of his time. Consult Life and h'onifins of Douqlas Jerrold, by his son, W. ]!. Jerrold ( Lon- don.' 1859). JERROLD, William Bl. cii.vrd (1820-84). . Iviglisli journalist and author, eldest .son of Douglas .Jerrold. He was born in London, De- cember 23, 1820. He studied art and did some good work in illustration, but defective sight compelled Iiim to abandon his profession for literature. He wrote considerably for his father's papers and for other journals and periodicals. On the death of his father, in 1857. he Ijccame editor of LhnitVs Weekly, a position that he held till his deatii, .March 10, 1884. In this paper .Jerrold advocated the interests of the working classes. During the Civil War in the United States he took the side of the North. He also had a leading hand in founding the International Copyright Association, of which he was presi- dent. He wrote four successful comedies and farces, of which the best known is Cool as a Cu- rnmher, produced at the Lveeum Theatre in 1851. Of his several novels. Up and Doirn in the World (1803) was most read. Two solid works from his pen are Life and Remains of Douqkis Jerrold (1859) and Life of yapoleon III. (4-ols., 1874- 82). JER'SEY. The largest and southernmost of the Ch;uiiicl Islands (q.v. ), lying 12 miles ofT the coast of France (Map: France, D 2). It is of oblong form. 11 miles long, 4 to G miles wide, with an ar-.a of 45 square miles. It has a bold and lofty northern coast, with picturesque rocky inlets, and slopes to the south, east, and west, where it is indented by large o|)en, sandy liays. The interior is mostly table-land, weW wooded, especially in the valleys along the many w^inding streams which intersect the island. .Jersey is divided into 12 parishes. The principal town. Saint Helier (q.v.). is connected by rail with Ooiey village and liarbor on the east, dominated by the imp.ising mcdi;eval castle of Mont Orgueil ; and on the west with the small, neat town of Saint .ubin, the line also nxtending to the Cor- bi^re, the southwest extremity of the island.