Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/194

* JENKS. 172 JENNER. hensive Cominciitury of the llohj Bible (1834), of which it is said lliO.OOO volumes were sold; also nn Jt^xiiltiiiutory liibic Alias and ScriiJtiire Gazetteer (1849). JEN'NEB, Kdwaui) (1749-1823). An English phvsiciiiii. ihe diseovcier of vaccination as a pre- ventive of smallpox. He was horn at Uerkeley in Gloucestershire, where his father was vicar. With a view to his entrance into the medical profession, young .Icnncr was a])])rcnticcil to Daniel Ludlow of Sodhury, to learn surgery and pharmacy. In 1770 he went to London and be- came a student at Saint George's Hospital, and was a resident, for two years, in the family of John Hunter. Under Hunter's recommendation, young Jenner received the appointment to prepare and arrange the specimens of fauna and llora brought home by Captain Cook from his first voyage of discovery in 1771. Jcnner's success in this matter led to his being olVcred the po- sition of naturalist of Cook's second cx])cdition, which he declined. He preferred life in a village, and became a country surgeon in Berke- ley, devoting the time not rc(|uired by the prac- tice of his profession to ornithology, botany, and mineralogy. Jenner api)ears to have been the first to suggest that angina pectoris is due to liardening of the coronary arteries. He also de- .scribcd the implication of the heart in cases of rheumatism, of which he was probably the discov- erer. Jcnner's treatise on oiihthalmia has never lieen published. In 1792 he was invested with the degree of M.D. b}' the University of Saint Andrews, Scotland. The discovery of the prophylactic power of vac- cination, on which Jcnner's fame chiefly rests, was communicated to Edward Gardner in 1780. Jenner had given much thought and time to the study of smallpox, cowpox. and swinepox, and the development of the two latter diseases when com- municated to man. He at first considered cow- pox to be caused by the contagion of 'grease,' a hoof disease of horses. In conversaticm with Hunter in 1770, he had suggested the possibil- ity of the proj)liylactic power of cowpo.x. A dread of disappointment intlucnced him to spend many years in observation and investiga- tion before promulgating his discovery. He in- oculated bis son with swinepox, and ascertained that the boy was proof against smallpox. .Tenner performed his first public inoculation with vac- cine on Jlay 14, 1796. After passing through the disease of vaccinia, the patient was exposed to smallpox by having its virus introduced into his arms, but without effect. Subsequent experi- ments yielded similar results. In 1798 he pub- lished the paper on vaccination, detailing the whole matter and stating his belief and his proofs. In the same year he visited London, in order to demonstrate the truth of his assertions; but he was unable to prevail upon any one to submit to vaccination, and was bitterly attacked by both physicians and clergv'men. In one year, however, a revulsion of feeling took place, and a large numlier of leading physicians in the capital city declared, over their signatures, their confidence in vaccination, and the day was won. Jcnner's high principle and pure motives were shown in his refusal to accept the suggestion of Cline, of Saint Thomas's Hospital. tothe effect that he should settle in London, where Cline promised him £10,000 a year as a result of his practice. Jenner gave almost his entire time to the demon- stration and defense of his discovery, and his practice was nearly annihilated. A petition to Parliament by his friends resulted in a vote of £10,000 to Jenner in 1802, and he received a second grant of £20.000 in 1807. Yet inocul.it ion, in spile of the fact that many deaths resulted from it, was cuntinncd at the Smallpox Hospital in London till 1822. In 1811 .Jenner rcccivi'd a diamond ring frcjui the Empress of Kussia as a token iif her admiration. She had the first child vaccinated in Kussia named 'Vaccinofl'.' and pensioned it for life. .Jenner was nameil the first Honorary Associate of the Physical Society of Guy's; he was elected mayor of his native town; he received the freedom of the city of Dublin and of the city of E urgh; he was elected an hon- orary fellow of the Royal C(jllege of Physicians of Edinburgh: Oxford granted him the degree of Doctor in Medicine; the naval physicians and surgeons presented a gold medal to the discoverer, upon the adoption of vaccination in the British Army and Navy. France. Germany. Italy, Spain, Russia, and the United "States adopted the prac- tice of vaccination. The Hindus and the Chi- nese followed the example. In the East, the appreciation of .Tenner's labors and achievements was shown in public subscriptions of £-1000 from Bengal, £2000 from Bombay, and £1383 from Madras. A statue of Jenner was placed in Gloucester Cathedral as a result of a public sub- scription, and in 1858 a statue was erected in London. In 181.5. upon the death of his wife, Jenner retired to Berkeley, where he died of apo- plexy. Among Jenner's published works are: "On the Natural History of the Cuckoo," in PJiiloaoiiliical Ti(iiisii(ii<inii (1788): "A Process for Preparing Pure Emetic Tartar," ibid. (1793) : Inquiry into the Cdiise and ICffeet of the 'ariola: Vaccinte (1798); Farther Observations on the Variolw ^accin(V (1799); .4 Continuation of Facts and Observations Relative to Variolw Vaccina: (1800) : A Complete Statement of Facts and Ob- srrratiuns Relative to the Cow-Pock (1800) : On the Orif/in of Vaccine Inoculation { 1801 ) ; On the Varieties and Modifications of the Vaccine I'ns- ttile. Occasioned by nn Herpetic State of the SK'iri (1804); "Observations on the Distemper in Dogs," in Transactions of the Medico-Chiruraical Society (1809) ; "Two Cases of Smallpox Infec- tion", Communicated to the Fretus in Utero," ibid. (1809) ; A Letter to C. H. Parry, on the Influ- ence of Artificial Eruptions in Certain Diseases Incidental to the Human Body (1822). Consult Baron, lAfr of Jenner (2 vols., London, 1838). See Vaccination, JENNER, Sir William (181.5-98). An Eng- lish plivsician and surgeon, born at Chatham. He gi-.iduated M.R.C.S. at University College, London, in 1837,' and M.D. in 1844. and in 1852 became a Fellow of the Royal College of Physi- cians. In 1847. as a member of the staff of the London Fever Hospital, he commenced his minute observations on a thousand cases of fever, which resulted in the absolute difi'erentiation of typhus' and 'typhoid.' an achievement which established his fame. Their dissimilarity as 'continued fever' had already liecn noticed, but was not confirmed until the publication of .Tenner's conclusions. From 1849 he was professor of pathological anat- omy at University College, and assistant physi- cian of the College Hospital, becoming physician in 1854. He resigned in 1876, became a consult-