Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/19

ISMAILIA. ISMAILIA, es'ma-e'lS-a. A village of Africa. See GoxDOKOBO.

ISMAILIA. A town in the Isthmus of Suez, on the Suez Canal.

ISMAILIANS, es'ma-e'le-anz. See iloiiAM- siEDAX Sects.

ISMAIL PASHA, es'ma-el' pa-sha' (1830- 95). Viceroy and Khedive of Egypt. He was the second son of Ibrahim Pasha (q.v.), and was born at Cairo. December 31, 1S30. He was edu- cated in Paris, and on his return to Egj'pt was despatched on diplomatic missions to several European capitals. Subsequently he was ap- pointed regent by his uncle. Said Pasha, during his absence in Europe. In 1861 he was placed in command of the army, and carried on a victorious campaign against the Sudanese tribes. On the death of Said" Pasha in 1863 he succeeded him as Viceroy of Egj'pt. During the Civil War in America he acquired vast wealth by the pro- duction of cotton. Regarding the construction of the Suez Canal (begun under Said Pasha) as advantageous for Egypt, he actively encouraged the enterprise. In 1866 he secured from the Sultan the hereditary succession to the throne of Egypt in his direct line, and in 1867 had conferred upon him the title of Khedive. Xot satisfied with these privileges, he demanded more, threatening to withdraw the troops he had sent against the Cretan insurgents and to seize Crete if his demands were refused. By the advice of foreign powers, he recalled his demand. Nevertheless, by extending his rule over the regions of the Upper Nile, by making foreign loans for the increase of his army and navy, and by proposing the neutralization of the Suez Canal, he made himself practically an independent sov- ereign. The Sultan commanded him to reduce his army, to recall his orders for ironclads and breech-loaders, and to put a stop to the eon- traction of foreign loans, threatening him with deposition if he refused. Not receiving the ex- pected aid from Russia and other powers. Ismail submitted. Later he received new prerogatives, giving him control of his army, and liberty to make loans and commercial treaties. By the building of public roads, the introduction of new methods of agriculture, and other innova- tions, he endeavored to improve the economic condition of the country and to civilize the sur- rounding tribes. But the progressive measures of the Khedive were accompanied by a reckless extravagance which involved the country to the limit of its resources and made it dependent upon the great financial powers. In 1879 the govern- ments of France and England, in view of the wretched econcniic condition of p]g^-pt and the large interests of their own citizens in the admin- istration, determined to interfere in behalf of good government, and united in demanding of the Porte that the Khedive should commit the portfolios of finance and public works to English and French ministers. The Khedive resented!, any interference of the Western powers with Egyp- tian aflTairs. The Sultan then offered to depose Is- mail Pasha, and to appoint Halim Pasha, Ismail's uncle, as his successor: but the powers advised the Khedive to abdicate, promising to support his son, Tewfik. The Sultan acquiesced in the course recommended, and on June 26. 1879. he signed the firman deposing the Khedive in favor of his son. Prince Mohammed Tewfik. Ismail at once complied with the demand, and his son was proclaimed. Khedive, as Tewfik I. Ismail re- ceived an annual allowance of £50,000 and left Egypt for Naples. In 1888 he took up his resi- dence in Constantinople, where he died Jlarch 2, 1895. See Egypt.

ISMENE, is-me'ne (Lat., from Gk. 'lafil/vri). In Greek mythologj', the daughter of Qidipus and Jocasta, and sister of Antigone (q.v.).

ISMID, is-med', or IZBUD, Iz-med'. The modern name of Nicomedia (q.v.).

ISNARD, 6'nar', Ma.ximin (1758-1830). A Fi-ench politician, born at Grasse. In 1791 he was Deputy from Var to the National Assembly, in which he distinguished himself by his bold- ness and eloquence. He was reelected in 1792. He joined the Girondists, and was arrested in June, 1793, but escaped and concealed himself until the fall of Eo.bespierre. He appeared again in the Assembly, and afterwards was a member of the Council of Five Hundred. From a violent radical he developed into an advocate of the coro- nation of Napoleon (see his Reflemotis relatives (III senatus-consulte du 2S florecil. nn XT!., 1804), and served the Restoration so faithfully that he was pardoned for having voted for the death of Louis XVI.

ISOBAROMETRIC (rs6-bar'6-met'rik) LINES (from Gk. imjs, isos, equal + Eng. baro- metric, from Gk. ^apos, baros, weight -|- fiirpuv, metron, measure), or Isobars. Lines joining the places at which the atmospheric pressure reduced to a common level is the same. Ordinarily the weather maps show the isobars for sea-level, and by recent decisions of the International Meteorological Congress the barometric indica- tions must also be corrected for the influence of the variations of gravity so that atmospheric pressures may all be expressed in uniform abso- lute measures. Formerly m-eteorologists avoided the troubles and uncertainties of the reduction to sea-level by using the departures of individual barometric readings from the normal reading of Ihat instrument. These isabnormal lines were then plausibly converted into isobarometric lines by assuming that the normal pressure at sea- level was everywhere the same, namely, 760 mil- limeters, or 30 inches, and adding the departures from the normal algebraically to this assumed normal. The resulting pressures were a.ssumed to represent closely the result that would have been given by reduction to sea-level. In 1857 Ferrel showed that the normal barometric pres- sure at sea-level could not possibly be uniform, but must be lower in the polar and higher in the tropical regions. In 1868 Buchan showed that the pressures are higher over the continents in the winter and over the oceans in the summer. Since these dates the importance of correct iso- bars based upon a correct method of reduction to sea-level has been more and more thoroughly appreciated.

The terra 'isobarometric' was applied by Kaemtz, about 1830, to lines representing the oscillations of the barometer or its range from maximum to minimum during any month or year, but this usage is now obsolete. These oscillations are greatest in regions subject to the passage of severe and numerous storms. They are greater in the northern portion of the Atlantic Ocean than in the southern portion or in corresponding latitudes on land.