Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/189

* JEHOL. 167 jEHtr. E 3). The town is mostly inhabited by Cliinese immigrants from Shan-si and Shan-tung. Popu- lation, exclusive of numerous Lamaistic monas- teries, about 25,000. It is a trading town, and is noted for its inlaid tables and boxes. There are here an imperial hunting-park and a summer palace called in Chinese I'i-sliu-slian-cJncutig ('mountain lodge for avoiding the heat'). The liUter was built in 1703 on the model of the Yuen- ming-yuen. or summer palace near Peking, de- stroyed by the Anglo-French forces in 1860. In a beautiful valley in the vicinity are several large Lama monasteries, the chief of which are the Potala and the Teshi-lumbo. See Williamson, Journeys in Xorth China, Manchuria, and Mon- golia (2 vols., London, 1870) ; the Journal of the lioyal Geographical Hocielti (London. 1874) ; and Edkins, in the Journal of the orth China Branch of the Roiinl Asiatic Society (Shanghai, 18G5). JEHOSH'APHAT (Heb. Yehoslurphat, Yah- weh judges). The fourth King of Judah (B.C. 876-8.51). He succeeded his father, Asa, and reigned twenty-five years. The compiler of the Book of Kings commends him for his piety ( I. Kings xxii. 43 ), and the Chronicler enlarges upon this notice, and exalts Jehoshaphat's meas- ures for the defense of his kingdom and his suc- cess in war ( II. Chron. xvii.-xx. ) . During a large part of his reign he was practically a vassal to the kings of Israel, for his visit to Ahab, and his campaigns with the latter (I. Kings xxii. 3-40) and .Jehoram ( II. Kings iii. 7-27 ), as well as his going into battle dressed in his full robes, while Ahab went in disguise (I. Kings xxii. 30), were probably enforced by the northern rulers. Je- hoshaphat tried to establish communication with the gold country Ophir, but failed, his ships being destroyed by a storm (I. Kings xxii. 48). He was succeeded by his son Jehoram. JEHOSHAPHAT, Y.lij:t of. A valley which the prophet .Joel (iii. 2-12) foretells is to b" the scene of the judgment of the heathen after the return of .Judah and Israel from captivity. No such valley is mentioned elsewhere in the Bible, and it is doubtful whether the writer had any particular site in mind. It has been thought, however, by some scholars, that the prophet re- ferred to the valley of Berachah, in which King Jehoshaphat of .Judah is said to have gained a notable victory over the Ammonites, jloabites. and Edomites (II. Chron. xx. 26). Another and more popular view identifies the valley of .Jehosh- aphat with that commonly called Kidron in the Bible — the deep ravine which separates Jerusa- lem from the JTount of Olives. This view, which can be traced back to the fourth century, has been adopted by travelers of all ages and faiths. It is noticeable that in a 5Iidrashic work the statement is found, "A valley called Jehoshaphat does not exist." Consult Xeubauer, La geo- graphic du Talmud, pp. 5 sqq. (Paris, 1868). See KinROX. JEHO'VAH. A word used four times in the Authorized Yersion of the English Bible as the name of the national deity of the Hebrews. This name was carried over from the earlier religious period of that people to the later post- exilic time. when, largely through the influence of the prophets, the transformation of the na- / tional god into the one universal God of a mono- theistic faith took place. In consenuence. the pro- nunciation of the name of the old tribal deity was avoided, partly because of associations which seemed to imply limitations to His being, partly because of the growth of the sentiment that the genuine name of the one God was too sacred, too powerful to be used except on e.xtraordinaiy occa- sions and by any but those who were commis- sioned as His representatives on earth — the high priests. The name was expressed in writing, according to the usual method in Hebrew, without vowels. Ijy the four consonants corresponding to our mWH — the tetragrammaton, as it is called. ^Yhen the vowels were added to the consonantal text of the Old Testament, several centuries after the birth of Christ, as a means of preserving the pronunciation of the sacred literature, those of Adonai, "my lord,' were attached to the tetra- giammaton as an indication that the holy name was to be pronounced as though it were adonai (q.v. ). By a misunderstanding. Christian schol- ars in the sixteenth century combined the vow- els of Adonai with the consonantal frame, thus producing the form Yehowah or Jehovah, / being used for the Hebrew y and v for ic, as was very customary. The earliest occur- rence of this word is 1520. In the English Bible the tetragrammaton is usually represented by 'the lord.' The avoidance of the use of the name of the Supreme Deity led to the loss of the true pronunciation, and we have no absolutely certain data for determining what it was. It is very probable, however, that it was Yahweh, and this form and pronimciation are now imiversally used by scholars. .Jehovah is often used as a name of God, connoting especially His power and majesty. The name of the Hebrew deity is also found in abbreviated form as Yah (as in hallalu Yali. 'praise ye Yah'), Yahu, Yeho, and Yo. par- ticularly in proper names. The origin and mean- ing of the name are not known. It has been con- nected with the verb haya, to be. with the mean- ing 'he is.' implying existence without limitation. Another theory connects it with the causative form of the same verb with the meaning 'he causes to be,' i.e. the Creator. Still another theory makes it mean 'he who causes to fall' (i.e. rain or lightning), a view which has some support by analogy with the use of similar terms for the Greek Zeus. Others have sought to iden- tify Yahweli with some foreign deity, or con- sider it a piece of popular etymologizing like the English derivation of God from good. Consult: Dalman. Der Gottesname Adonai (Leipzis. 1806) ; Driver, "The Tetragrammaton," in Studia Bihlica (Oxford, 1885) ; Smend, Alttestament- liche Religionsgeschichte (Freiburg. 1893) ; Schultz, Alttestarnentliche Theologie (Gottingen, 1S89). JEHOVIST, je-ho'rtst. See Elohist axd Y.IWI.ST. JE'HTJ (Heb. Yehii, perhaps from Yeho-hu, Y'ahweh is he). Tenth King of Israel, c.842- 815 B.C., son of .Jehoshaphat and grandson of Xinishi. From the position of one of the body- guards of Ahab he rose to that of general under .Joram. He seized the opportunity of Joram's absence in Jezreel. whither he had gone to seek healing from his wounds received in the battle with the Syrians, to seat him- self on the throne. Having control of the army intrusted to him for the protection of the border city Ramoth-Gilead against the Arameans. -Jehu proceeded against his royal master, slew Joram.