Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/171

* JATJREGUI Y AGUILAB. 151 JAVA. firmly established his litei'ai-y reputation. He seems to have returned to Spain by 1613. In 1018 he published an edition of his verse (llimas de Jmiii de Jauregui) at Seville. In the preface to this volume he protested against the baneful mannerisms that GOngora had intro- duced into Spanish poetry, and again in his Discurso poetieo (1G23; cf. the reprint of this in Menendez y Pelayo's Historia de las ideas estiticas en Es^pai'ia, Madrid, 1884-89) he assailed the Gongoristic movement. Yet his own Orfeo, a poem in five cantos on the -ivell-known classic legend, has some of the stylistic aberrations of Gongorism. and it was published at ^Madrid only the following year (1624). It was through a desire to surpass Jauregui that ilontalvan (q.v. ), ])rompted by Lope de Vega, wrote his poem on the same subject. .Jauregui yields entirely to the Gongoristic current in the Farmlia, a ver- sion of Lucan's Latin poem. Jauregui's Farsalia was published posthumously in 1684. His per- manent title to fame must rest upon the trans- lation of the Aminta and on one or two of the lyrics contained in the Rimas, especially the graceful silva on his lady-love bathing. Consult the edition of the Aminta in Lopez de Sedano's Parnaso espaiiol. vol. i. (Madrid, 1768-78), and the edition of Jauregui's poems in volume xlii. of the Bihlioteca de autores espanoles (ib.). JAURES, zho'ra', Jean L£ox (18.59—). A French Socialist, born at Castres. He studied at the Lycee Louis le Grand and at the Ecole Normale Superieure ; taught philosophv at Albi (1881-83), and at Toulouse (1883-85) ;' and then entered politics, and was chosen Deputy in 1885. He was at this time a strongly conservative Re- publican, but after liis defeat in 1889 by the monarchist candidate, and his return to Toulouse. he became a Socialist, and in 1893 was returned to the Chamber of Deputies, where he was one of the most prominent of the leaders of the Socialist party until 1898, when he failed of reelection. The break in the Socialist ranks which followed ilillerand's acceptance in 1899 of tile Portfolio of Commerce somewhat lessened .Taures's power, as he attempted to sustain the Government. He took an important part in the movement for revision in the Dreyfus affair ; pub- lished Les preuvcs (1900) ; and, in spite of a bitter attack on him based on the confirmation of his daughter in the Catholic Church (1901), kept his old place as one of the foremost leaders and greatest orators of the Socialist Party. He was reelected Deputy in 1902. JAVA, ja'va (from Skt. yara. rich in millet, from tinva. millet). The most important island of the Dutch East Indies, lying south of the equator, between the parallels of 5° 52' and 8° 59'. and between the meridians of 105° 13' and 114° 39' E. It is bounded on the north by the clear, shallow waters of the Java Sea ; on the south by the Indian Ocean; on the west by the Strait of Sunda, which separates it froni Su- matra (also a Dutch possession) : and on the east by the Strait of Bali (11 miles wide), sepa- rating it from the island of Bali. The south coast is steep and precipitous, with cliffs rising almost perpendicularly to a considerable height, and is bordered by a long line of breakers. The north coast is low and swampy in many places, and overgrown with mangrove trees and bushes, par- ticularly toward the west. Tlie island is long and narrow, its greatest length, from west-north- west to east-southeast, being 660 miles, and its breadth from 46 to 121 miles. With Madura and several smaller adjacent islands administratively belonging to it, it is known officially as 'Java and iladura.' The area of the whole is 50,390 square miles. For its size Java is one of the richest and most populous islands in the world. It is the most fertile, and it is imsurpassed in the beauty of its scenery. It has passed through nianj- historical changes of religion and civiliza- tion, and is intenselj- interesting archa'ologically. Topography. Java is veiy mountainous, and is remarkable for the number of its volcanic peaks, 45 in all — ranging in height from 2000 to 12,040 feet above the level of the sea, clad with verdure to their summits, and having slopes fertile in nearly all their climatic zones. The general tiend is from west to east. A striking difference is noted between the western and eastern halves of the island. In the former the volcanoes are bimched together, forming great masses, without intervals or plateaus. Toward the east the vol- canic peaks are for the most part isolated one from the other, with a large number of valleys and plains, deep gorges, and rushing streams. Most of the active volcanoes are found in the western end, and of these fourteen are found in an area of 20 by 35 miles. During historic ages these volcanoes are known to have destroyed many tens of thousands of human lives, and within recent times several have exploded, spread- ing devastation on all sides. The peak of Ring- ghit, once one of the highest, lost much of its form bv internal explosions in 1680, destroving 10,000 "lives. In May, 1901, the Kloet, one of the smaller volcanoes, broke into eruption after many years' quiet, enveloping towns 150 to 250 miles distant in thick darkness, destroying the sugar crop, and killing several Europeans and about one himdred natives. Among the best- known mountains are: Salak, 7000 feet, south of Catavia: Gede. 9718: Tjirmaj, 10,070: Slamat, 11,247; Marbabu, 10.673; Raun, 10,822; and Semeru, 12.040 feet high. The list of eruptions in historic times is a formidable one, that best kno^^l in the Western world being that of Kra- katoa (q.v.), in the Strait of Sunda. Earth- quakes are of common occurrence, though not usually very destructive. Java abounds in plains, valleys, and forests, the richest alluvial coast land being in the north- west, in the provinces of Bantam, Batavia. Kra- wang. and Cheribon ; yet all through the eastern half are many beautiful and fertile plains, and no part of the island, unless it be the Preanger Residency, which occupies the southern half of the western part, and a few provinces in the east- ern half, lacks rivers. As the southern coast is relatively high and mountainous, with a long northern slope, most of the streams flow into the Java Sea. In the rainy season at least fifty streams can be used for floating rafts to the sea. and five or six are always navigable for some distance from their mouth. The longest is the Solo, 175 miles long, on which is situated the city of Surakarta. For most of the year it is navigable for boats and river steamers. The Sura- baya River, or Brantes, the next in importance, rising on the western slope of Semern. forms, with its tributary, a curve with three sides, and enters the se.a near the Solo, one of its mouths being near the city of Surabaya, where is found