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* JAPAN. 137 JAPAN. em rule of Yedo. graduallj- gathered around the Court. In 1867 the Shogun was compelled to resign, and when in 1868 he sought to regain power by force of arms, he was driven from the field, ilen with new ideas and determined purpose obtained control of the Emperor and the Government, moved the capital to Yedo, had the sovereign swear to rule according to 'the right way between heaven and earth' (in deference to public opinion), and to order the abolition of feudalism. It was virtually a committee of four men, Iwakura, Okubo. Kido, and Saigo, with their far-seeing fellows and helpers, that led the samurai who were able to swing the nation out of ancient routine and, with political motives wholly, made the new .Japan. They invited edu- cators from the United States to reorganize their educational system, French officers to remodel their army. British seamen to reorganize their na^-y, and Dutch and other engineers to make internal improvements. These tremendous changes were not accomplished without protest. In 1887 Saigo quarreled with his old friends, led an army 'against the Emperor's evil ad- visers.' and the Satsuma Rebellion cost .Japan 20,000 lives and $50,000,000. In 1879 Loo-choo was made an integral part of the Empire, and Sho Tai. the King, brought to Tokio and made marquis. Western laws were in- troduced and codified. In pursuance of the Imperial oath, a Parliament was promised. In 1884 the nobility was reorganized on the Euro- jiean idea, and the able men of the Restoration honored also with titles. In 1889 the Constitu- tion was proclaimed, and the Diet met in 1891. With many an ebb and flow the great tide of progress has kept on. In 1894 war with China broke out in regard to Korea; this resulted in the utter defeat of China, the cession in 1895 of Formosa to .Japan, the payment of a large in- demnity, and the independence of Korea. Japan took a prominent part among the Powers in the military events resulting from the Boxer move- ment in China in 1900. See Chixese Empire. Amid all changes, even those in the last half of the nineteenth century, it has been shown that the deepest and strongest force in .Japanese his- tory is the universal loyalty to the ^Mikado. The one now on the throne is the one hundred and twenty-third. .See Political P.bties, section on Japan. BiBLioGR.PHY. Gener.l; Descripti-e : 8ie- bold, Nippon, Arcliiv i^iir Beschrpibunf) I'on Japan (Leyden, 18.32-51; 2d cd., Wiirzburg, 1897 et seq.), and Alcock. Capital of the Tt/coon (Lon- don, 1853), although old. are still valuable. A comprehensive work is Rein. Japan nnch Rei.ien unrl Htndien (Leipzig, 1881-86), the first volume of which, translated and enlarged, appeared as Trarcis and Researches Vnrlertnl-en at the Cost of the Prusfsian Government (•2d ed., London, 1889), and the second volume as The Industries of Japan (London, 1883; Xew York. 1889). Espe- cially noteworthy are: Griffis. The Mikado's Em- pire (2d ed., New York. 1883) ; Chainberlain, Thinijs Japanese (London. 1898). which has an excellent bibliography; Brinkley. Japan. Its His- tory, Arts, and Literature (8 vols.. I?oston. 1901- 02) ; and, for <an understanding of the inner life of the Japanese. Hearn, Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan (Boston. 1894) ; id.. Out of the Ea.it : Rereries and Stiidies in New Japan (Boston, 1895) ; id.. In Ghostly Japan (ib., 1899) ; id., A Japanese Miscellany (ib., 1901). Consult also: The Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan (Yokohama, 1874-95) ; the Transactions and Pro- ceedings of the Jajxin Society (London, 1893 et seq.) ; and the Miltheiliingen der deutschen Gc- sellschaft fiir Satur- and Volkerkunde Osta.<iiens, which contain exhaustive information on all top- ics connected with the country; Bishop, Un- beaten Tracks in Japan (London, 1880) ; Metch- nikoff, L'cinpire japonais (Geneva, 1881) ; Reed, Japan: Its History. Traditions, and Religions (London, 1880) ; Dickson, The Land of the Morning: An Account of Japan and Its People (London. 1883) ; Eggermont, Le Japon, histoire et religion (Paris, 1885) ; Lamairesse, Le Japon, histoire, religion, cirilisation (Paris, 1892) ; for domestic and social life, etc.. Faulds. Nine Years in Nippon (London, 1885) ; Xetto, Papierschmet- ierlinge aus Japan (Leipzig, 1888) ; Morse, Japanese Homes and Their Surroundings (New York, 1889) : Bacon. Japanese Girls and Women (Boston. 1892) ; Sladen. The Japs at Home (Lon- don, 1892) ; Arnold. Japonica (London. 1892) ; and ilunzinger. Die Japaner (Berlin, 1898) ; for development, progress, etc., Xorman, The Real Japan (London, 1892) ; Morris, Adranee Japan: A Nation Thoroughly in Earnest (London, 1895) ; Curtis. The Yankees of the East (Chicago, 1896) ; Eastlake, Heroic Japan (London, 1896) ; Japan Described and Illustrated by the Japanese, edited by Brinkley (Boston, 1897) ; Hesse-Wartegg, China iind Japan (2d ed., Leipzig, 1900) : Ko- nigsmarck, Japan und die Japaner (Leipzig, 1900) ; Hitomi, Le Japon (Paris, 1900) ; Egger- mont. Tot/age autoiir du globe. Japon (Paris, 1901) ; Hartshorn. Japan and Her People (Phila- delphia, 1902) ; and for bibliography, Wenck- stem, A Bibliography of the Japanese Empire (Leyden, 1895) ; New York State Library Bulle- tin,' Bibliography No. 6 (Albtiny. 1898); and Chamberlain's book above mentioned. Commerce; Ixdcstries: The most important work is Rein, The Industries of Jajxm (trans., Xew York. 1889), the statistics of which, how- ever, are not up to date. Numerous articles are to be found in the Trati-saetions and Proceedings of the Japan Society (above mentioned), and in the Journal of the Society of Arts in Loyidon (London, 1852 et seq.). On the art industries, consult; Alcock, Art and Industries of Japan (London, 1878); Dresser, Japan: Its .irchitec- lure. Art, and Art Manufactures (New Y'ork, 1882) ; Rigauey, Japan in .4rf and Indu.<<try, translated by Sheldon (New York, 1893), which has a bibliography; Anderson, The Pictorial Arts of Japan (Boston, 1894); and authorities re- ferred to under .J.4^p. ese Art ; on the silkworm industry, Sira Kawa, Traite de Vcducation de vers a soie au Japon, translated by De Rosney (2d ed.. Paris. 1869) ; Wallace, Japanese Silkworm Culture (Colchester, 1869) : Adams, "Report on tlie Silk Districts of Japan," in Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, vol. xi. (London, 1840) ; Bolle. Der Seidenbau in Japan (Vienna, 1898) ; on the fisheries, Narinori Okoshi. Sketches of Fisheries in Japan (London, 1883) ; and in general, Ono, "The Industrial Transition in •Japan," in American Economic Association Pub- lications, vol. V. (Baltimore. 1886) ; Porter, Commerce and Industries of Japan (Philadelphia, 1896) ; INIorris. Japan and Its Trade (London, 1902) ; Goto, Die japanische Seeschiff ahrt (Ber-