Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/136

* JANSSEN VAN CETJLEN. 120 JAOK. Museum. Other examples are in the museums of Dresden, Brunswick. Kottcrdam. and Lille. JANSSENS VAN NUYSSEN, van noi'sfn, Abraham i l")7.")Iii:J2 ) . An eniiiicnt Flemish painter, born in -Vntwerp, where, at the age of eighteen, he became the pupil of Jan Snellinck. He was admitted as a master into the Guild of Saint Luke in ItiOI. was its dean in ItiOOOT, and then visited Italy. A contemporary of Kubens, he ranks ne.t to him among the Flemish masters of the seventeenth century, es|K'cially as a eolor- ist, and occasionally surpasses him in the correct drawing of his figures. Torchlight and other ar- tificial effects were treated by liim with e.xcep- tional skill. Of his biblical, allegorical, and mythological subjects there are in the Antwerp ^Museum a "Madonna," an '"Adoration of the ^lagi." and "Sealdis" (an allegorical represen- tation of the river god of the Scheldt) ; in the Brussels Museum, '"Old Age Kcsting on Faith and Hope:" in the Cassel Gallery. "Diana and Nymphs Watched by Satyrs:" in the Berlin Mu- seum, "Vertunmus and Pomona" and "Meleager and Atalanta;" and in the Vienna Museum, "'e- r.us and Adonis" and "'Day and Xight." His finest prmluctions. liowever. jire to he seen in the churches of Flanders, notably an "Entombment" and "iladonna with Saints." in the Church of the Carmelites at Antwerp, and an "Ecce Homo" and "Descent from the Cross," in the Cathedral of Saint Bavon at Ghent. JANUA'RIUS, Saint. A martyr of the Christian faitii under Diocletian, and patron saint of Naples. He was Bishop of Benevento, Bnd suffered martyrdom by beheading at Puteoli. His day is September lOth. His body is pre- served at Xaples in the crypt of the cathedral, and in a chapel of the same church are also pre- served the liead of the martyr and two ]>hials iiimpuUrr) said to contain his blood. This blood is aflimied to possess the property of becoming liquid whenever brought near the head. Should it fail to do so, the event is considered a bad omen by the people. JANUARY. See Month. JA'NUS. An ancient and important Roman pod. whose name was invoked at the beginning of all religious ceremonies. As to the etymology of the name, and its original meaning, two theories are prominent. One considers it a further formation from the root djii. djnr. djrr. by the addition of -an, djnv-an : as we have Zeis and Ziv in Greek, so we have /ori.9 and laiitin in Latin; but while in Greek the differentiation in form was not suf- ficient to lead to the growth of two separate di- vinities, among the Romans the separation was complete. He is thus the god of the light and heaven, a sun-god according to some, and this origin certainly agrees well with his high place among the gods, and many features of his cult. The other view connects the name of the god with innus and inniia. and considers him as the god of the entrance and door, whether of city or house, as Vesta is the g.iddess of the hearth. This is in accordance with the nature of many Roman gods, and explains the peculiar nature of the spe- cial shrine of Janus, the iajius fjrminus which formed an entrance to the Forum. Tin's shrine was simply two parallel arched jrateways connected by side walls, and furnished with gates. The tradition of later times declared that Kinsr Xuma Pom- pilius had built the shrine and ordained that the gates should be closed only in time of peace, and that only once (in B.C. 235) between Xuma and Augustus, who closed them three times during his reign, had such a time been known. If the custom really existed from early times, its origin is probably to be souglit in the belief that the lanus Geminus was the entrance to the sacred hearth, tlic centre of the city, and that it would be a bad omen to close these gates upon the ab- sent warriors. Janus is preeminently a god of the beginnings, and therefore invoked at the open- ing of each prayer. To him as well as to Juno offerings seem to have been made on the first day of each month, and his festival, the Agonium. on January 9th, was the first of the Roman reli- gious year. The nx siu-roriim was the special priest of .Janus, and therefore stood at the head of the Roman priests. The double-faced head of the god appears on the Roman as of the early coinage, and it is possible that this is the earliest representation of the god. In later times his image, with the double face, was set up under the arch in the Forum. .Janus, though so ancient and important in the ritual, seems to have played but a small part in the popular religion; his cult is not proved to have existed in earl}- times outside of Rome, and votive inscriptions are veiy rare. There are traces of a goddess J. a, the feminine parallel to Janus, but she never be- came pnimiiicnt in the State religion. JANUS QUAD'BIFRONS, Arch of. An arched passage on the P'orum Boarium at Rome. It has four fat.-ades and was surmounted by a second story, now destroyed. Its erection is as- signed to the time of Constantine. and it appears to have served as a sort of exchange. JANVIER, j-in'vi-a, Thomas Allibone (1849 — ). An American journalist and novelist, bom in Philadelphia. With a public-school education, he began newspaper work in his native city in 1870, and continued it till 18S1. when he went to spend several years in Colorado. Xew and Old Mexico, sojourns which left their impression upon his literary work. A well-known writer of short stories. Janvier is specially skilled in the delineation of the picturesque foreign life of Xew York, where he lived in 18S4-94. His publi- cations include: Color Studies (188.5); The Mexican Guide (1887): The Aziec Trennure Bouse ( 1800) ; Stones of Old A'eic Spain ( 1891 ) ; The Vncle of an AnijcL and Other Stories (1891); An Emba^ssi/ to Provence (1893); In Old Sew York (1894); In the Sarqasso Sea (1898) : The Passing of Thomas, and Other Sto- ries (1000) : and In Great Waters (1901).— His sister. JLrgaret Tiicmson .Ja.nvter (1844 — ), was born in Xew Orleans. She wrote imder the pen-name 'Margaret Vandergrift' many juveniles, among which are nameworthy: Vndrr the Dog .S7ar (1881); The Absent- 11 inded Fairy, and Other Verses (1883) ; The Dead Doll, and Other Verses (1888). JA'OK fnanie among the Knmtchadales). A large, edible sculpin (Mi/oxoccphalus jaok), which is one of the most characteristic and useful fishes of both shores of Bering Sea. It is about two feet long, reddish above and white beneath. It is very active, has extraordinary tenacity of life, and is e.xtensively caught and smoke-cured by the Kamtchadales. who call it 'jank.' and Koriaks, whose name for it is 'i laal;' while the coast Russians call it 'ramsha.'