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* JANSENITJS. 119 JANSSEN VAN CEXJLEN. (q.v. ), and became intimate -with Duvergier de Hauianne (q.v.), better known as the Abbe de Saint-C'3"ran, whom he followed to Paris and to Bayonne. He came back to Louvain in 1G17 aa head of the new Dutch College of Saint Pul- cheria, and acquired much influence as a teacher. In concert with Saint-CVran he agitated reforms in the Church, especially in the administration of the sacraments, and a discussion of the doctrine of grace which w-as to have far-reaching conse- quences. In 16.36, on the nomination of Philip IV. of Spain, he was made Bishop of Ypres. and died there two years later, in good standing and apparently unconscious of the results which were to follow the publication two years later of his great work, Augiistinus, sen Doctrina Hancti Attgustini. See jAXSEXiSil; and consult Van den Peerenboom, Cornelius Janscnius, septieme eveque d'Ypres, sa mort, son testament, ses epi- iaphes (Bruges, 1882). JANSON, yan'son, Kristofer Nagel (1841 — ). A Norwegian novelist, born at Bergen. He studied theology at the University of Christiania. and afterwards interested himself in the advance- ment of popular education, improving his own bv sojourns in Italy. From 1882 till 1892 he was minister to a Unitarian congregation of his countrymen in Minneapolis, ilinn., and became editor of the Norwegian periodical, Haamanden, published there. Besides poems and dramas, his publications include numerous novels, such as: I'raa Bygdom (1866) ; Han og ho (1872) ; Marit Skjolle (1868); Torgrim (1872); Fraa Dan- sJcetidi (1875); and' Den Bergtelcne (1876), which has been translated into English as The SpelhBound Fiddler. JANSON, zha>'s5x', Vwtl (1840—). A Bel- gian advocate and politician, bom at Herstal. He first made himself conspicuous by his speeches on social reform topics delivered at the labor unions in Li&ge and elsewhere, and in 1877 he Tas sent to Parliament, where he went at once to the front as a debater, and the following year was made a member of the Liberal Cabinet. After- wards he joined some Deputies of the Extreme Left in the formation of a radical party, claiming an extension of the suffrage, thus making a split in the Liberals. They reunited in 1880. after M. Janson had been out of Parliament for five years, and he once more brought his eloquence to bear upon universal suffrage, a question which was agitating the entire country. The Liberals of the Extreme Left were at last obliged to com- promise with the party of the Bight and bring in universal suffrage, with plural voting (1894). JANSSEN, jan'sen, Joir.A.xxES (1829-91). A German liistorian. He was born at Xanten on the Rhine, was educated at the universities of Louvain, Bonn, and Berlin, and became a priest of the Roman Catholic Church in ISGO. He was also professor at a gymnasium in Frankfort- on-the-JIain. and in 1880 became domestic prel- ate to the Pope. His historical works are as follows: Frankreichs Fheingrlustc (1861: 2d ed. 1883) : Hchiller als Hisforiker (1863: 2d ed. 1S70) : Ziir Genesis der ersten Teihing Polens (186.5) : Giisfnv Adolph in Dentschland (1865) ; Franl.-^iirfs Reichskorrespondenz vnn 1316 his lotn (1863-66): Zeif- tind Lebenshilder (1875; 3d ed. 1879), Friedrich Leopold. Graf zu Sltol- hei-g (1876-77; 2d ed. 1882) ; and Gescliichte des detttschen Volkes seit dein Ausgang des Mittelal- ters (1877-80), his principal work, which has gone through fourteen editions. JANSSEN, Peter (1844—). A German his- torical painter, born at Diisseldorf, son of the en- graver Theodor .Janssen (1817-94), by whom he was first instructed before studying at the Acad- emy under Karl Sohn and Bendemann. He was intrusted with a series of decorative works whose masterly composition and technique won him the reputation of one of the foremost modern his- torical painters in Germany. He became pro- fessor at the Diisseldorf Academy in 1877, and its director in 1895, and was elected a member of the Berlin Academy in 1885. His more impor- tant mural paintings include: ''The Colonization of the Baltic Coast" (1872), in the E.xchange at Bremen; "The Jlyth of Prometheus," in twelve compositions, in the second Cornelius Room of the National Gallery in Berlin; "Seven Momen- tous Episodes in the History of Erfurt" (1882), Town Hall, Erfurt ; "Human Life," "Imagina- tion," "Beauty," and "Nature," in the Aula of the Diisseldorf Academy. Of his oil paintings, the "Denial of Peter" is in the Academy at Phila- delphia; the "Infancy of Bacchus" (1882) ex- cited great admiration at the International Ex- hibition in Munich; and "Walther Dodde and the Peasants of Berg Before the Battle of Worringen, 1288" (Diisseldorf Gallery), a composition of great dramatic power, containing many life-size figures, was awarded the great gold medal in Berlin in 1893.— His brother, Karl (1855 — ), born at Diisseldorf, became known as a sculptor of no mean ability. He was a pupil of the Acad- emy in his native city, where he was appointed professor in 1893. JANSSEN, zhax'sax', Pierre Jct-es CfisAB ( 1824 — ) . A French astronomer, bom in Paris. Chosen to report upon natural phenomena in different parts of the glolje. he went to Pei'U in 1857 to locate the magnetic equator, and to Italy (1861-64), to take observations of the solar spectrum. For several years he made a specialty of sun eclipses, and he escaped from besieged Paris (1870) in a balloon, so as not to miss the Algerian obscuration. The thesis he wrote for his degree of doctor of science, L'ahsorption de la chaleur rayonnmtte ohsciire dans les milieux de Vwil. made a sensation in 1860, and he aided in discovering the corona, through his observations of the' solar eclipse from Guntoor. India (1868). The year 1874 found him in Japan, watching the transit of Venus, and the following year he went as as- tronomer with the English expedition to Siam. In 1875 he was put in charge of the Jleudon Observatory, which he was instrumental in es- tablishing, and in 1891 he began his ascents of Jlont Blanc, which resulted in the erection of the observatories there. JANSSEN (.Joxsox) VAN CEULEN. Cor- xeliu.s (1593-1664?). An English portrait painter. He was probably born in London, and from 1618 was the fashionable portrait painter at Court. His patronage declined after the ar- rival of Van Dyck. and during the Parliamentary wars he migrated to Holland, finally settling at Amsterdam, where he died during or before 1664. His portraits include those of Charles I., at Chatsworth ; the Duke of Buckingham, at Welbeck Abbey: John "Milton as a boy. in private possession, London ; "The Magistrates," Hague