Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/131

* JANINA. 115 JANKO KEYBOARD. JANINA, ja'ne-na, or YANINA. A tovra. of Albania, European Turkey, capital of a vilayet of the same name, situated near the Grecian fron- tier, on the Lake of Janina (ilap: Turkey in Europe, C o). The splendid buildings of the old city are now in a state of decline, and very little is left of the strong fortifications. There are •still, however, a number of mosques, churches, synagogues, a Greek gj'mnasium, a library, and a hospital. The chief products are gold-ware and silk goods, which are manufactured and exported to a considerable extent. .Janina is the seat of a Turkish Governor-General and a number of Euro- pean consular representatives. Population esti- mated at 26.000, including about 15,000 Greeks and about 2.500 .Jews. Janina is mentioned as early as the ninth century, when it formed a part of the Byzantine Empire. During the eleventh and twelfth centuries it was destroyed by the Normans, and fell into the hands of Turkey in 1430, in whose possession it has since remained. JANTTSCHEK, yii'ne-chek, Hl-bebt (1846- 93). An Austrian writer on art history, born at Troppau, .Silesia. He studied at the university at Gratz from 1868 to 1873. then pursued art historical studies in Italy until 1877, when he was appointed custodian of the Austrian Museum of Art and Industry in Vienna. Afterwards he became professor, successivelv, at the univer- sities of Prague (1879), Strassburg (1881), and Leipzig (1891). His valuable researches in the history of Italian and German art resulted in the publication of: Die Gesellschaft der Renais- sance in Italien und die Kiinst (1S79); Zwei Studien zur Geschichte der karolingischen Malerei (1885) ; the important "Geschichte der deutschen Malerei," in Grote's Geschichte der deutschen Kunst (1890); Dantes Kunstlehre und Giottos Kunst ( 1892 ) ; and the biographies of Andrea del Sarto. Paolo Veronese, Tintoretto, and other Italian masters in Dohme's Kunst und Kiinstlcr. — His wife. Mabie (1859 — ). was horn in Vienna. After her husband's death she settled in Berlin, and became known as a poet and novelist. Among her principal works may be mentioned: Im Kampf urn die Zukunft (1887), an epic poem; Gesam- melte Gedichfe (1892) ; Aus alten Zeiten (1900) ; and the novels and tales Lichthunqrige Leute (1892). Gott hat es qeuoUt (1895), Frauenkraft (1900). and Barter Sieg (1901). JANITJAY, Ha'ne-wi'. A to«-n of Panay, Philippines, in the Province of Iloilo, situated in a beautiful valley among the mountains in the interior of the island, about 20 miles north- west of Iloilo (Map: Philippine Islands, G 9). Population, in 1898, 28.740. It was founded in 1578. under the name of Matagub. JANIZARIES, or JANISSARIES (OF. jan- 7iissairc, Fr. janissaire. It. giannizzero, from Turk, yenicheri, new troops, from yeni, new -f- Ar. askar, army, soldier). A Tirkish military force first instituted by Orkhan (1326-59). the son and successor of Othman. the founder of the Ottoman Turkish Empire, who levied from the conquered Christian peoples a systematic tribute of young children. These tribute children, always the healthiest and strongest, were trained under Mohammedan tutelage, and, together with Chris- tian captives taken in war and Turkish subjects attracted by the special privileges offered, con- stituted a special corps of picked troops, which was thus composed of many nationalities. In turn it became the bulwark of the Empire, and, like the Koman pretorians and Russian streltsi, a dictatorial power. The corps was more per- fectly organized by Amurath I. after 1360, when its strength was raised to about 12,000. After the sixteenth c-entury the drafting of Christian children and captives ceased, and the corps was recruited by volimtary enlistment. There were two classes of janizaries, one a standing force, garrisoned in Constantinople and the chief towns and varying in number from 25.000 to 100,000, the other a trained militia known as jamaks, scattered throughout all the towns of the Em- pire, and numbering from 300.000 to 400,000. The janizaries proper were divided into ortas or regiments. At the head of the whole force was the aga, whose power extended to life and death, for the janizaries were always ready to break out into deeds of violence if their pay or per- quisites were withheld. In times of peace they acted as a police force. They served on foot, generally formed the reserves of the Turkish .rmy. and were noted for the wild impetuosity of their attack. The Sultan's bodyguard was formed of them. They became in the course of time very unruly, and their history abounds in conspiracies, assassinations of sultans, viziers, and agas, and atrocities of every kind ; so that by degrees they became more dangerous to the sultans than any foreign enemies. Attempts were made by sev- eral sultans to reform or dissolve the corps, but they were always unsuccessful. The reforms of Stiltan Mahmud II. (q.v. ) were bitterly op- posed by the janizaries, especially the reorgani- zation of the army on the European model. This opposition broke forth in open revolt, and on .June 15, 1825, Mahmud ordered the flag of the Prophet to be unrolled and the Faithful to be arrayed against the mutinous corps. The jani- zaries, deserted by their aga and other principal officers, were defeated, with the loss of 16.000 men ; their barracks were burned, 6000 to 8000 of them being killed in the assault or destroyed by the tiames. A proclamation of .June 17, 1826, declared the janizary force dissolved. All op- position was defeated with bloodshed. Thousands were put to death, and more than 20.000 were banished. In the Imperial Museum at Constan- tinople are 150 life-size figures illustrating the appearance of these famous troops. JANIZARY MUSIC. A term applied to music produced by a combination of shrill wood wind instruments, various kinds of drums, and tri- angles. JANKO, yon'ko. P.ri. vox (1856—). An Himgarian pianist, and inventor of the 'Janko keyboard.' He was born at Totis. Hungary, and itudied music at the Vienna Conservatory, the piano with Ehrlich in Berlin, and mathematics at the University of Berlin. Owing to the small- ness of his hands, he had great trouble in play- ing music which involved octaves, and he turned Lis attention to constructing a keyboard which would obviate the difficulty. JANKO (yon'kd) KEYBOARD. A key- board for the pianoforte invented by Paul von .Janko (q.v.) in 1882. This was introduced to the English public in ISSS. and in Xew York in Octo- ber, 1890. The .Janko keyboard consists of six rows or banks of keys, placed in a semicircle and presentincT a fan-like appearance. Each note has three different kevs, one lower than the other