Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/118

* JAMES. 102 JAMES I. sc'liolars liold t)iat James was not a son of Joseph and .laiv. but a son o{ Joseph by a former wife; others, that this James is the same as James the Less, a son of ilary and Alpha?us (= C'lopas or Cleopas), and that the Mary here referred to was a sister of Mary, the mother of Jesus; that is, that James was a cousin of the Lord. Consult Mayor, Epistle of St. ■Iiimcs (2d ed.. London, 18!i7l. (4) For the fourth James, see Jl DA.S, THE Al'OSTLE. JAMES, Sp. JAYME, or JAIME, ill'nu'i, I., caUfd the ('oni|uenir (120S-7(i). Kiii{; of Ara- gon from 1213 to 127(1, son and successor of Pe- dro IL He was bom at Montpcllicr. On the death of his father (1213), Simon de ilontfort and several nobles of Aragon opposed him, and Simon atlempted to get the crown for himself. But the Pope sided with .James, and at his coronation the Cortes for the first time took the oath of allegiance to the King. .lanics won the surnaMc of El CuiKiitistador by wresting the Balearic Nlands and Valencia from the floors, and l)y achieving other successes over thcni in JIurcia. He wrote his own life in Spanish; there is an English translation. The Chronicle of James /.. Wrillni bii Uimself (1883). Consult also Swift, The Life and Times of James /., Ihe Conqueror, Kinr/ of Aragon (Oxford, 1804). JAMES, JAYME, or JAIME IL, called the .Just ( I2(!4-I.'?27 ). King of Aragon from ]2!)1 to 1327, second son of Pedro III. He suc- ceeded his father in Sicily in 128;). When he succeeded his brother, Alfonso 111., in .ragon, he resigned his claim to .'^icils', and received in its stead .Sardinia an<l Corsica. In 131!) be promul- gated a constitution, by which Aragon, Catalonia, and Valencia were to be under the same laws. So much was he trusted by the people that his royal power was less limited than that of his predeces- sors, and in 130" he annulled the decree requir- ing an annual meeting of the Cortes, and re- placed it by a biennial act, under which the King could name the place of meeting. JAMES I. OF E.NGLAXD AXI) VI. OF .SCOTLAND ( iri('i(ll(l2o ) . He was born on .lune 19. 1.566, in Kdinbirgb Castle, as the son of .Maria Stuart, ueen of Scots, and her husljand. Darnley. The next year .lames liecanic King after his mother had been forced to abdicate. Tlicre were several regents during the minority, the best of whom was the Earl of Morton, whose fall was brought about by the influence of the Duke of Lennox and that of the Earl of Arran in 1.5S1. Mean- while .Tames was receiving an excellent educa- tion, his most famous teacher being Ceorge B>i- chanan. .After the fall of Morton there was a series of conspiracies, a French anS2 .Tames was seized by the Earl of Cowrie and his allies, who were adherents of England. Tn 1.583 .Tames escaped and joined the party hos- tile to the Presbyterian clergy, but after some minor difficulties an alliance with Elizabeth of England was signed in 1.586. This treaty broiight about a complete lireach between .Tames and his mother, whom, indeed, be had not seen since infancy. In 1.5S7 she was executed in England, though .Tames had ultimately interceded for her with Elizabeth in a halfhearted way. .James's marriage to .Anne of Denmark, in 1.580. brought him into closer relations with the Protestants; hut the King, as in everything else, cautious also in his foreign policy, maintained at the same time friendly relations with the ivoman Catholic l)0vers. In Scotland itself .Tames had consid- erable trouble both with the Presbyterian clergy and the great Catholic nobles. There were sev- eral conspiracies against him, among which may be mentioned the Cowrie Conspiracy (q.v. ) in 1600. In IG03 .James succeeded to the English throne as a descendant of Margaret Tudor, daughter of Henry VII., and one great object of his polic}' was thereby obtained. .James was in favor of peace with Spain, and so he at once dismissed .Sir Walter Kalegh (q.v.) from the Council, and imprisoned him. He continued Hobert Cecil (q.v.), the Minister of Elizabeth, in power; and as a result, the old lines continued to be imposed on the Catholics, and the dillicultics with them resulted in lliil.5 in the (lunpowder Plot (q.v.). Jloreover, the Puritans al-o caused trouble. .James finally consented to meet their representative ; but the result was unfavorable to the Puritans, on account of the similarity of their doctrines to those of the Presbyterians, with wliom .Tames had had so much troul>le in Scotland. (See IIa.mpto.v Coi'RT CoNFKHK.xcE. ) In foreign af- fairs .James broke with the ])olicy of Elizabeth,- and in 1604 signed a treaty with Spain and be- gan to .seek a marriage alliance for his son with its royal house. At home .Tames provoked na- tional prejudices by seeking to bring about the political union of England and Scotland. Though he was unsuccessful in this, be obtained a judicial decision in 1608, whereby Scotchmen born after James's accession to the English throne, the so-called 'postnati,' were subjects of the King of England. .lames believed liimself absolutely independent of all control, but in real- ity was continually ruled by favorites. In 1607 a Scotchman named Robert Carr (q.v.) obtained control over .Tames, and in 1616 he gave way to another favorite, George Villiers (q.v.). With the outbreak f]f the religious wars in Germany, foreign afl'airs became all-absorbent. In the Cleves-.Jiilich troubles in 1600 .Tames had allied himself for a short time with the Dutch, and in 1613 his daugliter. Elizabeth, had married the Elector Palatine, the bead of the Protestant Union of Germany. In 1617, however, .James vigorously reopened negotiations for a Spanish marriage, and as a result the election of his son- in-law, the Elector Palatine, as King Frederick V. of Bohemia in 1610. which marked the out- break of the Thirty Years' War, was extremely annoying to him. The English nation desired to aid Frederick, but .TaTues refused to support the Protestants on the Continent. When the fortune of war went against Frederick, grave dis- content broke out in England; and .Tames, now that it was too late, sent some slight assistance. Meanwhile the negotiations with Sjiain went on. In 1623 Charles, who was Prince of Wales, since the death of Prince Henry in 1610. together with A^illiers, created in 1624 Duke of Buckingham, went to Spain to prosecute the suit. Bucking- ham, however, quarreled with the leading men of the Spanish Court, the negotiations resulted in a war with Spain, and a. marriage alliance was signed instead with France. .Tames died on March 27, 1625. .Tame?? was known as one of the best scholars of his time, though in him scholarship often assumed the form of ridieiilons pedantry. The .Authorized Version of the Bible