Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/110

* JAGGERY. 94 cane-sugar. The sap, which by inspissation yields jaggery, becomes also, by fennentatioii, palm wine, and from it, by distillation, arrack is made. JAGIC, ya'gldi, Vatbosuvv (1838—). A Klavic philologist, born at Warasdin, and oducnt- cd at Vienna. In 18(i0 ho was ajjpointcd a teacher at Agrani, and in 1870 he was elertud member of the South Slavic Academy. But in the same year he was dismissed from Agram, and became professor of comparative philology at Odessa. He resigned tliis position in 1874 to take the new chair of .Slavic philology at Berlin, where he founded (lS7.'j) the Airliiv f'tir slairisclie I'liilolot/ie. in 1880 he succeeded Sresmnski at Saint I'ctershurg, and six years afterwards be- came professor of Slavonic philology at Vienna. lie was chosen member of tlie Kuyal Servian Aeademy of Belgrade, of the Imperial Academy "f Cracow, and of the Imperial .cadeniy of Saint Peters- burg. His works, liesides contributions to Knji- zevnik. Had, Xturiiic, and the I'roccctlinys of the Vienna Acadrmij, are on the history of the Croa- tian and Servian peoples, and of tlieir languages and literatures. JAGUAR, ja-gwiir' (from Brazilian jagunra) , Felis oncti. Tile largest, fiercest, and most in- teresting of all the wild-cats of the new world. It is decidedly heavier than the ])unia, though the measurements usually given do nut serve to bring out the difference. An average jaguar is si. or .seven feet long, of which one-third or more is tail; the girth back of the shoulders is about three feet; the head is disproportionately large, and the limbs are massive. In color there is a very wide range of diversity, from a ground of dirty white or yellowish to almost black, soutlu'rn aninuils In'ing the lightest. In all eases, however, there are distinct and very character- istic markings, not luilike those of the leopard; but in the jaguar tlie rings cover more ground. are inclined lo be more angular and broken, and each ring incloses one or more dark spots. See Plate of 'ii,D Cats, accompanying article Cat. The jaguar is found distributed very generally throughout South . ieriea. except in the colder parts of Patagonia (beyond latitude 40° S.), and on the highest mountains; it extends north- ward (or recently did) as far as Texas, and pos- sibly even into Louisiana and .rkansas, but ap- parently it h;is never crossed the Mississippi — at least not so as to get any foothold. The black variety is most common in Guiana, where it is sometimes called 'tajiir tiger.' from its supposed fondness for tapirs as an article of food. The skull may easily be distinguished by a promi- nent tubercle on the anterior or nasal edge of the orbit. The jaguar is essentially an animal of the forest, and remarkably fond of water; so that the half-floodcil juulMcs of the Amazon Valley are its true and most suitable home, and there, in the season when large districts are sub- merged, it easily maintains for weeks together an almost entirely arboreal life. Xevertheless, a race of jaguars exists on the Pampas, a cold, treeless, and waterless desert, where they lurk in the tall grass or river-side thickets, working destruction among the ranchmen's horses, cattle, and sheep, and pouncinu upon deer and the smaller mammals and reptiles of the region. An- other curious fact is the enmitv between the JAHN. jaguar and the puma of the plains (and perhaps elsewhere), leading to constant battles in which the jaguar is likely to be worsted by its more active and aggressive antagonist. Voxcs and wolves torment the big beast also, by following it about in hope of fce<ling upon the remains of its feasts, as jackals attend the African lion, .laguars are likely to renuiin in certain locali- ties, in the vicinity of which they prowl at night, lying asleep or in ambush most of the daylight hours, and they seldom attack nuin unless pro- voked. They feed chielly ujion mammals and large reptiles, ilonkeys and capybaras make a large part of the <liet. Deer, slollis, tapirs, and mana- tees are also hunted, but p<'ccaries are seldom attacked. The jagiuir is sometimes killed by the great anteaters, whose sabre-like claws tear its bowels o])en even while the anteatcr itself is in the throes of death. Along the tropical rivers the jaguars wait for and seize turtles that come ashore to lay their eggs, turn them over, and gnaw them out of their shells. Kven alligators and boas are occasionally seized, killed, an<l de- voured, ami jaguars are expert at snatching fish from overlianging hanks. Much of this prey requires iiard chasing: but the aninuil jjrefcrs to lie upon the low limb of a tree, or the top of a rock couunanding some game-trail or drink- ing-place, and thence to leap upon its victims. The female jaguar usuallv i)roduces two or three kittens at a birth, which are as beautiful and playful as young leop;uds. These have sonu'- times been tamed, but this s[)ceies is perhaps the most savage and intractable of the great eats, and the kittens become dangerous with increasing years. The fullest account of this cat is hv J. H. Porter in ^Yild liensts (New York, 1804). See also Bates, The ydturalist on the Amazon (Lon- don, ISO."!) : Wallace, Travels an the Amazon (London, 1880) ; Hudson, The 'Saturalist in La Plata (London, 1802) ; Alston. "Mammals," in Sclater and Salvin's Biologia Centrali-Americana (London, 1870-02). JAGUARONDI, ja'gwA-ron'de, or YAGUA- RONDI. A tropical American wild cat (Frlis jar/iiaroiidi), remarkable for its very long boily and tail in proportion to the limbs, and for its uniform coloration; also for its isolated habitats. It inhabits Guiana. Eastern Brazil and Par.aguay, and also Xortheastern Mexico; but, so far as known, is not to be found in the countries be- tween. Its bodv is about .SO inches long and its tail fully 25 inches. The skull is elongated and flattened, the pupil of the eye round, and the nose is, as it were, stronglv pinched in latcrallv. Its fur is gray, varving in some individuals toward brown, in others toward red, and is whollv unspotted. Compare Eyra. JAHDE, ya'dc. An inlet of the North Sea. See .Ja[)E. JAHN, yan. EniFORicn Lt'dwig (1778-1852). The founder of physical training in (Jcrmany. known as the Turnvater. He was born at Lanz in the Province of Brandenburg, and was educated at the universities of Halle, Greifswald, and Giit- tingen. An ardent patriot, ho early arrived at the belief that the spirit of German nationality could be successfullv developed by physicallv de- veloping the yoiuig generation. In 1811 be estab- lished his first Tiirnplatz or open-air g'mnasium at Berlin. and in spite of great opposition persisted